IMPLICATURE
BY: AIN NATIKAH BINTI
KHAIRUDDIN
CLASS: LG2404A
Definition
Implicature
is a technical term, which
refers to what is suggested in an
utterance, even though neither
expressed nor strictly implied.
Example:
John is meeting a woman this evening.
+> The woman John is meeting this
evening is not his mother, his sister or
his wife.
CONT.
Implicatures arise from the interaction of
the following 3 factors:
1. The proposition actually expressed in the
utterance,
2. Possibly certain features of the context
(in any of the 3 notions of context)
3. The assumption that the speaker is
obeying the rules of conversation to the
best of their ability.
Cooperative Principle
1. Quantity: give the right amount
of information (not too little, not
too much).
2. Quality: try to say only what is
true (don't say that for which you
lack adequate evidence; don't say
what you know to be false).
3. Relevance: make what you say
relevant to the topic at hand.
4. Manner: be clear (avoid
ambiguity, excessive wordiness,
obscurity, etc.).
2 types of implicatures
conversational
conventional
implicature
implicatures
Conversational
implicature
Definition
Conversational implicature: Implications
derived on the basis of conversational
principles and assumptions, relying on
more than the linguistic meaning of
words in a sentence.
A (conversationally) implicates B if it is
the case that uttering A in a certain
conversational context systematically
suggests, everything else being equal,
that B is true. However, the implicature
can be called off (i.e., cancelled).
Conversational
implicature
Example 1:
Student A: Do you like Linguistics?
Student B: Well, lets just say I dont jump
for joy before class.
+> A asked B about his feelings about the
class, and B said B didnt celebrate before
the class. It shows the uninterested feeling
of B about Linguistics subject
Conversational
implicature
Ex2: A standard implicature
(speaker is trying to obey the rules
conversation).
A: Will Sally be at the meeting this
afternoon?
B. Her car broke down.
+> Sally won't be at the meeting.
Types of conversional
implicature
Conversational implicature includes:
generalized
conversational implicatures
particularized
conversational implicatures
Type of
conversational
implicature
* Generalized conversational implicature:
+No special knowledge is required in the context
+a/an X =>not speakers X
Generalized
conversational
implicatures
Example 4
"Fred thinks there is a meeting
tonight."
+> Fred doesn't know for sure that
there is a meeting tonight.
Example 5
The Browns went to a park outside
the city last week
Types of
conversational
implicature
Scalar implicatures: is greater
detail of a particular sort of
implicatures, expressing
quantity and terms are listed
from the highest to the lowest
value.
Scalar implicatures:
Example:
I ate some of the cake => this
sentence implies I did not eat all of
the cake
In the utterancesome of the boys went
to the party,the wordsomeimplicates
"not all of the boys went to the party."
The wordsnone,some,andallform
animplicational scale,in which the use
of one form implicates that the use of a
stronger form is not possible.
Types of
conversational
implicature
* Particularized conversational
implicatures:
+Special knowledge is required in
special context in which speaker and
hearer understand only.
In another word, a particularized
implicature is a conversational
implicature that is derivable only in a
specific context.
Particularized
conversational
Example 1
implicatures
Vernon: Do you like Monica?
Bill: Shes the cream in my coffee.
+> Bills implicated message: yes, more than
you know
Bill must be speaking metaphorically, and there
must be a reason for doing so. A simple yes
apparently wasnt enough. Hes trying to tell
Vernon that ordinary words cant express what he
feels for Monica, so hes using a metaphor to
indicate that his feelings are at another level.
Particularized
conversational
implicatures
Example
2:
A: What on earth has happened to the
roast beef?
B: The dog is looking very happy.
In the above exchange, A will likely
derive the implicature "the dog ate the
roast beef" from Bs statement. This is due
to As belief that B is observing the
conversational maximof relation or
relevance in the specific context of As
Conventional implicatures
Conventional implicature is an
implicaturethat is:
part of a lexical items or expressions
agreed meaning, rather than derived
from principles of language use, and
not part of the conditions for the
truth of the item or expression.
Conventional implicatures
Example:
Joe is poor but happy
+> This sentence implies poverty and
happiness are not compatible but in spite
of this Joe is still happy. This sentence will
always necessarily imply Surprisingly Joe
is happy in spite of being poor.
