SAMART INFRABUILD (INDIA)
Private Limited
( specialist in Mining Earth Excavation, Industrial Project &
Highway works )
HIGHWAY
CONSTRUCTION
MATERIALS, EQUIPMENTS AND PRACTICE
Highway construction materials,
properties, testing
methods Construction practice
including modern methods, concrete
road constructions (problem not
included) - Highway drainage Special
considerations for hilly roads.
Function and Significance
of Subgrade Properties
Basement soil of road
bed.
Important for structural
and pavement life.
Should not deflect
excessively due to
dynamic loading.
May be in fill or
embankment.
Compacted or Natural
Subgrade
Cut and Fill (Embankment)
Sections
Subgrade Soil
Granular or Coarse grained
Fine Grained
Organic
Unsuitable soil materials for
subgrade
Clay soil which contains the value of Liquid Limit
more than 80% and/or Plasticity Index more than
55%,
It is flammable materials (oily), and organically
clay soil,
Contain lots of rotten roots, grass and other
vegetation,
Soil which is soft and unstable because it is too
wet or dry which makes it difficult to compact
properly.
Properties Associated with
Subgrade Soil
Volume change with water.
Load - Sustaining Power.
Compression under static load.
Workability during wet periods.
Ease of drainage.
Compactibility.
Desirable Properties of Soil as
Subgrade Material
Stability.
Incompressibility.
Minimum changes in volume and
stability under adverse condition of
weather and ground water.
Permanency of strength.
Good drainage.
Ease of compaction.
Classification & Identification
of soil as subgrade material
Index Properties
Size distribution (IS:2720 Part 4 1985)
Liquid limit
Plasticity Index
Shrinkage Limit
Field Moisture Equivalent adsorbed
water
Compacted Dry Density
Centrifuge Moisture Equivalent
Indian standard grain size
classification
Gravel
Moorum
Silts
Clay
particle size < 2.36mm
Grain Size Distribution
Significance of
To
know the relative proportions of
GSD:
different grain sizes.
An important factor influencing the
geotechnical characteristics of a coarse
grain soil.
Not important in fine grain soils.
Grain Size Distribution
Determination of GSD:
In coarse grain soils ... By sieve analysis
In fine grain soils
analysis
... By hydrometer
hydrometer
stack of sieves
sieve shaker
soil/water
suspension
Sieve Analysis
Hydrometer
HRB (AASHO) classification
Public Roads (PR -1928) A1-A7
Group Index (GI)
A function of material passing through 200 mesh
sieve(0.74mm)
GI = 0.2a + 0.005ac + 0.01bd
Min GI = 0;
Max GI = 20; when passing 200 mesh sieve, LL
and PI are 75,60 and 30 resp.
Higher GI = poorer soil as subgrade material
A-6(4), A-6(16)
GROUND INDEX
Value of GI
Soil Condition
Excellent
Good
24
Fair
5-9
Poor
10 - 20
Very Poor
Indian Standard Soil
Classification
Based on modification on Unified Soil
Classification System.
Gravel : 80 4.75 mm
Sand : 4.75mm 0.075mm (75 micron)
Silt
: 75 2 micron
Clay : less than 2 micron
Particle size distribution -sieving and
sedimentation analysis IS: 2720 (Part 4) 1985
Liquid Limit and Plastic Limit IS:2720 (Part 5)
1985.
Dry Density - MORT&H
Specification
for Road & Bridges works(3rd
Revision 1995)
MORTH specification recommends:
97 % dry density - heavy compaction by
modified proctor density. IS:2720(Part
8) NH,SH,MDR and heavily trafficked
roads.
Atleast 97% by Standard Proctor density
IS: 2720 (part 7)
Subgrade Soil Strength
Assessed in terms of CBR of subgrade
soil for most critical moisture
conditions.
Soil type
Moisture Content
Dry Density
Internal Structure of the soil
Type and Mode of Stress Application.
Tests
FOR SUBGRADE SOIL/ EMBANKMENT
Grain size analysis.
Proctor compaction (Both light & heavy)
California Bearing Ratio (CBR)
Differential Free swell (DFS)
Liquid Limit (L.L.) & Plastic Limit (P.L.)
FOR SUB BASE / ADMIXTURE
Grain size Analysis.
Proctor compaction (Both light & heavy)
California Bearing Ratio (CBR)
Differential Free swell (DFS)
Liquid Limit (L.L.) & Plastic Limit (P.L.)
Subgrade Performance
Load bearing capacity:
Affected by degree of compaction, moisture content,
and soil type.
California Bearing Ratio (CBR) test,
falling weight deflect meter back calculations and other
methods.
Moisture content:
Affects subgrade properties like load bearing
capacity, shrinkage and swelling.
Influenced by drainage, groundwater table elevation,
infiltration, or pavement porosity
Shrinkage and/or swelling:
Soils with excessive fines content may be susceptible
to frost heave in northern climates.
Moisture Content
Water table
Precipitation
Soil Permeability
Drainage conditions
Extent to which pavement is water
proof
Stability of Soil
Stability of Soil depends on stress -deformation
characteristics of soil. (viscoelastic deformation)
Repeated Application of Stress:
Frequency of Loading cycle
Magnitude of stress
Number of Repetitions .
Static Stress :
Period of stress application
Intensity of Stress
Evaluation of Strength of
Subgrade Soil
Shear Test
direct shear test, triaxial
compression test, and unconfined
compression test.
Bearing Test
Penetration Test
California Bearing Ratio
Test
a penetration test wherein a standard
piston, having an area of 3 in (or 50
mm diameter), is used to penetrate
the soil at a standard rate of 1.25
mm/minute.
The pressure up to a penetration of
12.5 mm and it's ratio to the bearing
value of a standard crushed rock is
termed as the CBR.
CBR Testing Machine
California Bearing Ratio
(CBR) Test
50 mm
diameter
piston
180
mm
Saturated
Specimen
150 mm
Strength measure for
unbound materials
Piston advanced at
1.3 mm / min. rate
Measure load at 2.5
mm penetration (P2.5)
CBR = 100(P2.5/Pstd)
standard loads adopted for different
penetrations for the standard
material with a C.B.R. value of 100%
Penetration of Plunger
(mm)
2.5
Standard Load
(kg)
1370
5.0
2055
7.5
2630
10.0
3180
12.5
3600
Aggregate Physical
Properties
Aggregates can be classified by their mineral,
chemical and physical properties.
An aggregate's physical properties are a direct result
of its mineral and chemical properties.
Maximum size: The smallest sieve through which
100 percent of the aggregate sample particles pass.
Nominal maximum size: The largest sieve that
retains some of the aggregate particles but generally
not more than 10 percent by weight.
TEST ON AGGREGATES
1.
Aggregate Impact Test
2. Flakiness and Elongation
Test
3. Angularity Index Test
4. Los Angeles Abrasion Test
5. Water Absorption Test
6. Specific Gravity Test
Aggregate Gradation
Crude oil processing
Bitumen: distillation of petroleum
crude.
Tar: Destructive distillation of coal
or wood.
Paving grade: air fields, roads.
Industrial grades: water proofing
of structures, industrial floors, etc.
Construction Practice
Construction of embankments for subgrade
Materials soil, moorum, gravel
Unsuitable materials
Materials from swamps, marshes
Clay with LL >70
PI > 45
Free swelling Index > 50
Size of Coarse materials
Embankments <= 75mm
Subgrade <= 50mm
Density of Materials of Embankment and
Subgrade
Type of Work
Maximum Dry Density with
heavy Compaction IS:
2720 (Part 8)
Embankment up to 3 m
height, not subjected to
extensive flooding.
Not less than 15.2 kN/cu.
m
Embankments exceeding
3m height or
embankments of any
height subject to long
periods of inundation.
Not less than 16.0 kN/cu.
m
Subgrade and earthen
shoulders/ verges/backfill.
Not less than 17.5 kN/cu.
m
Compaction of Embankment and
Subgrade
Type of Work
Relative Compaction as
percentage of max.
laboratory dry density IS:2720 (Part 8)
Subgrade and earthen
shoulders
Not less than 97
Embankment
Not less than 95
Expansive Clays (of
acceptable FSI)
(a) Subgrade and 500 mm
portion just below the
subgrade.
(b) Remaining portion of
Not allowed
Not less than 90
Construction Operation
Setting out the alignment.
Dewatering
Compacting ground to support
embankment / subgrade
Spreading of materials and moisture
content
Sub base, base and
shoulders
Materials
Natural sand, moorum, gravel,
crushed stone or combination , lime
treated if high % of clay is found.
Construction Operation
Preparation of sub grade
Spreading Sub base material
Moisture content 1.0% - 2%
Construction of WBM
Constructed of twelve inches of stone over all.
An eight-inch foundation is provided of hard
quarry stone, laid on edge, with the longest
dimension placed at a right angle to the side
line of the drive.
After the stones are placed they should be
cleared of the irregular edges using hammer
The pieces of stone so broken off should be
used to fill in chinks.
WBM
Coarse Aggregates hard and soft
aggregates
Screening
Binding materials
Coarse aggregates in WBM
Hard variety of crushed aggregates or broken
stones.
Properties:
Durable, hard, free from flaky and elongated
particles.
Property
Requirements for pavement layer (max %)
Sub base
Base course
Surfacing
course
Los Angeles
Abrasion
value
60
50
40
AI value
50
40
30
15
15
Flakiness
Index
Soft aggregates in WBM
Overburnt brick metal
Naturally occurring soft agg kankar,
laterite
Crushed slag from blast furnace
Size & Grading requirement of Coarse Aggregates for
WBM
Grading No
Size range
(mm)
Sieve size
(mm)
% by Wight
passing sieve
90 - 40
100,
80,
63,
40,
20
100
65 85
25 60
0 15
05
63 - 40
80,
63,
50,
40,
20
100
90 100
35 70
0 15
05
50 - 20
63,
50,
40,
20,
100
95 100
35 70
0 15
Screening
For filling the voids in compacted layer
IRC suggests use of non plastic
material kankar, moorum or gravel.
Should satisfy:
LL , 20%
PI , 6%
Portion of fines passing 0.075mm size
sieve , 10%
Binding Material
To prevent raveling and rubbing
between aggregates
Grained material
PI 4 to 9 % ( surfacing Course)
PI , 6% ( with sub base and base course
with bituminous surfacing course)
No binding material for moorum and
Gravel ( low PI)
Employee Tanning
SAMART INFRABUILD (INDIA) Private
Limited
Employee Training Programed for SIBIPL
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