Introduction

Data files
 Can be created, updated, and processed by C programs
 Are used for permanent storage of large amounts of data
 Storage of data in variables and arrays is only temporary

Shivani Varshney/RCET/Programming with C

 The Data Hierarchy

Data Hierarchy:
 Bit – smallest data item
 Value of 0 or 1
 Byte – 8 bits
 Used to store a character
 Decimal digits, letters, and special symbols

 Field – group of characters conveying meaning

 Example: your name
 Record – group of related fields
 Represented by a struct or a class
 Example: In a payroll system, a record for a particular employee
that contained his/her identification number, name, address, etc.

Shivani Varshney/RCET/Programming with C

 The Data Hierarchy

Data Hierarchy (continued):

 File – group of related records
 Example: payroll file
 Database – group of related files
Sally Black
Tom Blue
Judy Green File
Iris Orange
Randy Red

Judy Green Record

Judy Field
01001010 Byte (ASCII character J)

1 Bit

Shivani Varshney/RCET/Programming with C

 The Data Hierarchy

Data files
 Record key
 Identifies a record to facilitate the retrieval of specific records from
a file
 Sequential file
 Records typically sorted by key

Shivani Varshney/RCET/Programming with C

 Files and Streams

 C views each file as a sequence of bytes

 File ends with the end-of-file marker
 Or, file ends at a specified byte
 Stream created when a file is opened
 Provide communication channel between files and programs
 Opening a file returns a pointer to a FILE structure
 Example file pointers:
 stdin - standard input (keyboard)
 stdout - standard output (screen)
 stderr - standard error (screen)
 FILE structure
 File descriptor
 Index into operating system array called the open file table
 File Control Block (FCB)
 Found in every array element, system uses it to administer the file

Shivani Varshney/RCET/Programming with C

 Files and Streams

Read/Write functions in standard library

 fgetc
 Reads one character from a file
 Takes a FILE pointer as an argument
 fgetc( stdin ) equivalent to getchar()
 fputc
 Writes one character to a file
 Takes a FILE pointer and a character to write as an argument
 fputc( 'a', stdout ) equivalent to putchar( 'a' )
 fgets
 Reads a line from a file
 fputs
 Writes a line to a file
 fscanf / fprintf
Shivani Varshney/RCET/Programming with C
 File processing equivalents of scanf and printf
 Creating a Sequential Access File

C imposes no file structure

 No notion of records in a file
 Programmer must provide file structure
Creating a File
 FILE *myPtr;
 Creates a FILE pointer called myPtr
 myPtr = fopen("myFile.dat", openmode);
 Function fopen returns a FILE pointer to file specified
 Takes two arguments – file to open and file open mode
 If open fails, NULL returned
 fprintf
 Used to print to a file
 Like printf, except first argument is a FILE pointer (pointer to the file
you want to print in)

Shivani Varshney/RCET/Programming with C

 Creating a Sequential Access File

 feof( FILE pointer )

 Returns true if end-of-file indicator (no more data to process) is
set for the specified file
 fclose( FILE pointer )
 Closesspecified file
 Performed automatically when program ends
 Good practice to close files explicitly

Details
 Programs may process no files, one file, or many files
 Each file must have a unique name and should have its own
pointer

Shivani Varshney/RCET/Programming with C

 Creating a Sequential Access File

Table of file open modes:

Mode Description
r Open a file for reading.
w Create a file for writing. If the file already exists,
discard the current contents.
a Append; open or create a file for writing at end of file.
r+ Open a file for update (reading and writing).
w+ Create a file for update. If the file already exists,
discard the current contents.
a+ Append; open or create a file for update; writing is
done at the end of the file.

Shivani Varshney/RCET/Programming with C

1 /* Fig. 11.3: fig11_03.c
2 Create a sequential file */
3 #include <stdio.h>
4
5 int main()
1. Initialize
6 { variables and FILE
7 int account; pointer
8 char name[ 30 ];
9 double balance;
1.1 Link the
10 FILE *cfPtr; /* cfPtr = clients.dat file pointer */
11
pointer to a file
12 if ( ( cfPtr = fopen( "clients.dat", "w" ) ) == NULL )
13 printf( "File could not be opened\n" ); 2. Input data
14 else {
15 printf( "Enter the account, name, and balance.\n" );
16 printf( "Enter EOF to end input.\n" ); 2.1 Write to file
17 printf( "? " ); (fprintf)
18 scanf( "%d%s%lf", &account, name, &balance );
19
20 while ( !feof( stdin ) ) { 3. Close file
21 fprintf( cfPtr, "%d %s %.2f\n",
22 account, name, balance );
23 printf( "? " );
24 scanf( "%d%s%lf", &account, name, &balance );
25 }
26
27 fclose( cfPtr );
28 }
29
30 return 0;
31 }
Enter the account, name, and balance.
Enter EOF to end input.
? 100 Jones 24.98
? 200 Doe 345.67
? 300 White 0.00
Program Output
? 400 Stone -42.16
? 500 Rich 224.62
?
 Reading Data from a Sequential Access File

 Reading a sequential access file

 Create a FILE pointer, link it to the file to read
myPtr = fopen( "myFile.dat", "r" );
 Use fscanf to read from the file
 Like scanf, except first argument is a FILE pointer
fscanf( myPtr, "%d%s%f", &myInt, &myString, &myFloat );
 Data read from beginning to end
 File position pointer
 Indicates number of next byte to be read / written
 Not really a pointer, but an integer value (specifies byte location)
 Also called byte offset
 rewind( myPtr )
 Repositions file position pointer to beginning of file (byte 0)

Shivani Varshney/RCET/Programming with C

 1 /* Fig. 11.7: fig11_07.c
2 Reading and printing a sequential file */
3 #include <stdio.h>
4
5 int main() 1. Initialize
6 { variables
7 int account;
8 char name[ 30 ];
9 double balance; 1.1 Link pointer to
10 FILE *cfPtr; /* cfPtr = clients.dat file pointer */
file
11
12 if ( ( cfPtr = fopen( "clients.dat", "r" ) ) == NULL )
13 printf( "File could not be opened\n" ); 2. Read data
14 else {
15 printf( "%-10s%-13s%s\n", "Account", "Name", "Balance" );
(fscanf)
16 fscanf( cfPtr, "%d%s%lf", &account, name, &balance );
17
18 while ( !feof( cfPtr ) ) {
2.1 Print
19 printf( "%-10d%-13s%7.2f\n", account, name, balance );
20 fscanf( cfPtr, "%d%s%lf", &account, name, &balance );
3. Close file
21 }
22
23 fclose( cfPtr );
24 }
25
26 return 0;
27 }
Account Name Balance
100 Jones 24.98
200 Doe 345.67
300 White 0.00
400 Stone -42.16
500 Rich 224.62 Program Output
 1 /* Fig. 11.8: fig11_08.c
2 Credit inquiry program */
3 #include <stdio.h>
4
5 int main() 1. Initialize
6 { variables
7 int request, account;
8 double balance;
9 char name[ 30 ]; 2. Open file
10 FILE *cfPtr;
11
2.1 Input choice
12 if ( ( cfPtr = fopen( "clients.dat", "r" ) ) == NULL )
13 printf( "File could not be opened\n" );
14 else { 2.2 Scan files
15 printf( "Enter request\n"
16 " 1 - List accounts with zero balances\n"
17 " 2 - List accounts with credit balances\n" 3. Print
18 " 3 - List accounts with debit balances\n"
19 " 4 - End of run\n? " );
20 scanf( "%d", &request );
21
22 while ( request != 4 ) {
23 fscanf( cfPtr, "%d%s%lf", &account, name,
24 &balance );
25
26 switch ( request ) {
27 case 1:
28 printf( "\nAccounts with zero "
29 "balances:\n" );
30
31 while ( !feof( cfPtr ) ) {
32
33 if ( balance == 0 )
34 printf( "%-10d%-13s%7.2f\n",
35 account, name, balance );
36
37 fscanf( cfPtr, "%d%s%lf", 2.2 Scan files
38 &account, name, &balance );
39 }
40
3. Print
41 break;
42 case 2:
43 printf( "\nAccounts with credit "
44 "balances:\n" );
45
46 while ( !feof( cfPtr ) ) {
47
48 if ( balance < 0 )
49 printf( "%-10d%-13s%7.2f\n",
50 account, name, balance );
51
52 fscanf( cfPtr, "%d%s%lf",
53 &account, name, &balance );
54 }
55
56 break;
57 case 3:
58 printf( "\nAccounts with debit "
59 "balances:\n" );
60
61 while ( !feof( cfPtr ) ) {
62
63 if ( balance > 0 )
64 printf( "%-10d%-13s%7.2f\n",
65 account, name, balance );
66
67 fscanf( cfPtr, "%d%s%lf",
68 &account, name, &balance );
69 } 3.1 Close file
70
71 break;
72 }
73
74 rewind( cfPtr );
75 printf( "\n? " );
76 scanf( "%d", &request );
77 }
78
79 printf( "End of run.\n" );
80 fclose( cfPtr );
81 }
82
83 return 0;
84 }
Enter request
1 - List accounts with zero balances
2 - List accounts with credit balances
3 - List accounts with debit balances
4 - End of run
Program Output
? 1

Accounts with zero balances:

300 White 0.00

? 2

Accounts with credit balances:

400 Stone -42.16

? 3

Accounts with debit balances:

100 Jones 24.98
200 Doe 345.67
500 Rich 224.62
? 4
End of run.
 Reading Data from a Sequential Access File

Sequential access file

 Cannot be modified without the risk of destroying other data
 Fields can vary in size
 Differentrepresentation in files and screen than internal
representation
 1, 34, -890 are all ints, but have different sizes on disk
300 White 0.00 400 Jones 32.87 (old data in file)
If we want to change White's name to Worthington,

300 Worthington 0.00

300 White 0.00 400 Jones 32.87

Data gets overwritten

300 Worthington 0.00ones 32.87

Shivani Varshney/RCET/Programming with C

 Random Access Files
Random access files
 Access individual records without searching through other
records
 Instant access to records in a file
 Data can be inserted without destroying other data
 Data previously stored can be updated or deleted without
overwriting
Implemented using fixed length records
 Sequential files do not have fixed length records
0 100 200 300 400 500

}byte offsets
}
}
}
}
}
}
100 100 100 100 100 100
Shivani Varshney/RCET/Programming with C
bytes bytes bytes bytes bytes bytes
 Creating a Random Access File

Data in random access files

 Unformatted (stored as "raw bytes")
 All data of the same type (ints, for example) uses the same
amount of memory
 All records of the same type have a fixed length
 Data not human readable

Shivani Varshney/RCET/Programming with C

 Creating a Random Access File

Unformatted I/O functions

 fwrite
 Transfer bytes from a location in memory to a file
 fread
 Transfer bytes from a file to a location in memory
 Example:
fwrite( &number, sizeof( int ), 1, myPtr );
 &number – Location to transfer bytes from
 sizeof( int ) – Number of bytes to transfer
 1 – For arrays, number of elements to transfer
 In this case, "one element" of an array is being transferred
 myPtr – File to transfer to or from

Shivani Varshney/RCET/Programming with C

 Creating a Random Access File

Writing structs
fwrite( &myObject, sizeof (struct myStruct), 1,
myPtr );
 sizeof – returns size in bytes of object in parentheses
To write several array elements
 Pointer to array as first argument
 Number of elements to write as third argument

Shivani Varshney/RCET/Programming with C

 1 /* Fig. 11.11: fig11_11.c
2 Creating a randomly accessed file sequentially */
3 #include <stdio.h>
4
5 struct clientData { 1. Define struct
6 int acctNum;
7 char lastName[ 15 ]; 1.1 Initialize
8 char firstName[ 10 ];
variable
9 double balance;
10 };
11 1.2 Initialize struct
12 int main()
13 {
14 int i; 2. Open file
15 struct clientData blankClient = { 0, "", "", 0.0 };
16 FILE *cfPtr;
2.1 Write to file
17
using unformatted
18 if ( ( cfPtr = fopen( "credit.dat", "w" ) ) == NULL )
19 printf( "File could not be opened.\n" );
output
20 else {
21 3. Close file
22 for ( i = 1; i <= 100; i++ )
23 fwrite( &blankClient,
24 sizeof( struct clientData ), 1, cfPtr );
25
26 fclose( cfPtr );
27 }
28
29 return 0;
30 }
 Writing Data Randomly to a Random Access
File

fseek
 Sets file position pointer to a specific position
 fseek( pointer, offset, symbolic_constant );
 pointer – pointer to file
 offset – file position pointer (0 is first location)
 symbolic_constant – specifies where in file we are reading
from
 SEEK_SET – seek starts at beginning of file
 SEEK_CUR – seek starts at current location in file
 SEEK_END – seek starts at end of file

Shivani Varshney/RCET/Programming with C

 1 /* Fig. 11.12: fig11_12.c
2 Writing to a random access file */
3 #include <stdio.h>
4
5 struct clientData { 1. Define struct
6 int acctNum;
7 char lastName[ 15 ];
8 char firstName[ 10 ];
1.1 Initialize
9 double balance; variables
10 };
11
2. Open file
12 int main()
13 {
14 FILE *cfPtr; 2.1 Input data
15 struct clientData client = { 0, "", "", 0.0 };
16
17 if ( ( cfPtr = fopen( "credit.dat", "r+" ) ) == NULL ) 2.2 Write to file
18 printf( "File could not be opened.\n" );
19 else {
20 printf( "Enter account number"
21 " ( 1 to 100, 0 to end input )\n? " );
22 scanf( "%d", &client.acctNum );
23
24 while ( client.acctNum != 0 ) {
25 printf( "Enter lastname, firstname, balance\n? " );
26 fscanf( stdin, "%s%s%lf", client.lastName,
27 client.firstName, &client.balance );
28 fseek( cfPtr, ( client.acctNum - 1 ) *
29 sizeof( struct clientData ), SEEK_SET );
30 fwrite( &client, sizeof( struct clientData ), 1,
31 cfPtr );
32 printf( "Enter account number\n? " );
33 scanf( "%d", &client.acctNum );
34 }
35
36 fclose( cfPtr );
3. Close file
37 }
38
39 return 0;
40 }

Enter account number (1 to 100, 0 to end input) Program Output

? 37
Enter lastname, firstname, balance
? Barker Doug 0.00
Enter account number
? 29
Enter lastname, firstname, balance
? Brown Nancy -24.54
Enter account number
? 96
Enter lastname, firstname, balance
? Stone Sam 34.98
Enter account number
? 88
Enter lastname, firstname, balance
? Smith Dave 258.34
Enter account number
Program Output
? 33
Enter lastname, firstname, balance
? Dunn Stacey 314.33
Enter account number
? 0
 Reading Data Sequentially from a Random
Access File

fread
 Reads a specified number of bytes from a file into memory
fread( &client, sizeof (struct clientData), 1,
myPtr );
 Can read several fixed-size array elements
 Provide pointer to array
 Indicate number of elements to read

 To read multiple elements, specify in third argument

Shivani Varshney/RCET/Programming with C

 1 /* Fig. 11.15: fig11_15.c
2 Reading a random access file sequentially */
3 #include <stdio.h>
4
5 struct clientData { 1. Define struct
6 int acctNum;
7 char lastName[ 15 ];
8 char firstName[ 10 ];
1.1 Initialize
9 double balance; variables
10 };
11
2. Read (fread)
12 int main()
13 {
14 FILE *cfPtr; 2.1 Print
15 struct clientData client = { 0, "", "", 0.0 };
16
17 if ( ( cfPtr = fopen( "credit.dat", "r" ) ) == NULL )
18 printf( "File could not be opened.\n" );
19 else {
20 printf( "%-6s%-16s%-11s%10s\n", "Acct", "Last Name",
21 "First Name", "Balance" );
22
23 while ( !feof( cfPtr ) ) {
24 fread( &client, sizeof( struct clientData ), 1,
25 cfPtr );
26
27 if ( client.acctNum != 0 )
28 printf( "%-6d%-16s%-11s%10.2f\n",
29 client.acctNum, client.lastName,
30 client.firstName, client.balance );
31 }
32
33 fclose( cfPtr );
34 }
35
36 return 0;
37 } 3. Close file

Acct Last Name First Name Balance

29 Brown Nancy -24.54
Program Output
33 Dunn Stacey 314.33
37 Barker Doug 0.00
88 Smith Dave 258.34
96 Stone Sam 34.98
 Case Study: A Transaction Processing Program

This program
 Demonstrates using random access files to achieve instant
access processing of a bank’s account information
We will
 Update existing accounts
 Add new accounts
 Delete accounts
 Store a formatted listing of all accounts in a text file

Shivani Varshney/RCET/Programming with C

 1 /* Fig. 11.16: fig11_16.c
2 This program reads a random access file sequentially,
3 updates data already written to the file, creates new
4 data to be placed in the file, and deletes data
5 already in the file. */ 1. Define struct
6 #include <stdio.h>
7
8 struct clientData {
1.1 Function
9 int acctNum; prototypes
10 char lastName[ 15 ];
11 char firstName[ 10 ];
1.2 Initialize
12 double balance;
13 };
variables
14
15 int enterChoice( void ); 1.3 Link pointer
16 void textFile( FILE * );
and open file
17 void updateRecord( FILE * );
18 void newRecord( FILE * );
19 void deleteRecord( FILE * ); 2. Input choice
20
21 int main()
22 {
23 FILE *cfPtr;
24 int choice;
25
26 if ( ( cfPtr = fopen( "credit.dat", "r+" ) ) == NULL )
27 printf( "File could not be opened.\n" );
28 else {
29
30 while ( ( choice = enterChoice() ) != 5 ) {
31
32 switch ( choice ) {
33 case 1:
34 textFile( cfPtr );
35 break;
36 case 2:
37 updateRecord( cfPtr ); 2.1 Perform action
38 break;
39 case 3:
40 newRecord( cfPtr );
3. Close file
41 break;
42 case 4: 3.1 Function
43 deleteRecord( cfPtr );
definitions
44 break;
45 }
46 }
47
48 fclose( cfPtr );
49 }
50
51 return 0;
52 }
53
54 void textFile( FILE *readPtr )
55 {
56 FILE *writePtr;
57 struct clientData client = { 0, "", "", 0.0 };
58
59 if ( ( writePtr = fopen( "accounts.txt", "w" ) ) == NULL )
60 printf( "File could not be opened.\n" );
61 else {
62 rewind( readPtr );
63 fprintf( writePtr, "%-6s%-16s%-11s%10s\n",
64 "Acct", "Last Name", "First Name","Balance" );
65
66 while ( !feof( readPtr ) ) {
67 fread( &client, sizeof( struct clientData ), 1,
68 readPtr );
69 3.1 Function
70 if ( client.acctNum != 0 ) definitions
71 fprintf( writePtr, "%-6d%-16s%-11s%10.2f\n",
72 client.acctNum, client.lastName,
73 client.firstName, client.balance );
74 }
75
76 fclose( writePtr );
77 }
78
79 }
80
81 void updateRecord( FILE *fPtr )
82 {
83 int account;
84 double transaction;
85 struct clientData client = { 0, "", "", 0.0 };
86
87 printf( "Enter account to update ( 1 - 100 ): " );
88 scanf( "%d", &account );
89 fseek( fPtr,
90 ( account - 1 ) * sizeof( struct clientData ),
91 SEEK_SET );
92 fread( &client, sizeof( struct clientData ), 1, fPtr );
93
94 if ( client.acctNum == 0 )
95 printf( "Acount #%d has no information.\n", account );
96 else {
97 printf( "%-6d%-16s%-11s%10.2f\n\n",
98 client.acctNum, client.lastName,
99 client.firstName, client.balance );
100 printf( "Enter charge ( + ) or payment ( - ): " );
3.1 Function
101 scanf( "%lf", &transaction );
102 client.balance += transaction;
definitions
103 printf( "%-6d%-16s%-11s%10.2f\n",
104 client.acctNum, client.lastName,
105 client.firstName, client.balance );
106 fseek( fPtr,
107 ( account - 1 ) * sizeof( struct clientData ),
108 SEEK_SET );
109 fwrite( &client, sizeof( struct clientData ), 1,
110 fPtr );
111 }
112 }
113
114 void deleteRecord( FILE *fPtr )
115 {
116 struct clientData client,
117 blankClient = { 0, "", "", 0 };
118 int accountNum;
119
120 printf( "Enter account number to "
121 "delete ( 1 - 100 ): " );
122 scanf( "%d", &accountNum );
123 fseek( fPtr,
124 ( accountNum - 1 ) * sizeof( struct clientData ),
125 SEEK_SET );
126 fread( &client, sizeof( struct clientData ), 1, fPtr );
127
128 if ( client.acctNum == 0 )
129 printf( "Account %d does not exist.\n", accountNum );
130 else {
3.1 Function
131 fseek( fPtr,
132 ( accountNum - 1 ) * sizeof( struct clientData ),
definitions
133 SEEK_SET );
134 fwrite( &blankClient,
135 sizeof( struct clientData ), 1, fPtr );
136 }
137 }
138
139 void newRecord( FILE *fPtr )
140 {
141 struct clientData client = { 0, "", "", 0.0 };
142 int accountNum;
143 printf( "Enter new account number ( 1 - 100 ): " );
144 scanf( "%d", &accountNum );
145 fseek( fPtr,
146 ( accountNum - 1 ) * sizeof( struct clientData ),
147 SEEK_SET );
148 fread( &client, sizeof( struct clientData ), 1, fPtr );
149
150 if ( client.acctNum != 0 )
151 printf( "Account #%d already contains information.\n",
152 client.acctNum );
153 else {
154 printf( "Enter lastname, firstname, balance\n? " );
155 scanf( "%s%s%lf", &client.lastName, &client.firstName,
156 &client.balance );
157 client.acctNum = accountNum;

158 fseek( fPtr, ( client.acctNum - 1 ) *

159 sizeof( struct clientData ), SEEK_SET );

3.1 Function
160 fwrite( &client,
definitions
161 sizeof( struct clientData ), 1, fPtr );

162 }

163 }

164

165 int enterChoice( void )

166 {

167 int menuChoice;

168

169 printf( "\nEnter your choice\n"

170 "1 - store a formatted text file of acounts called\n"

171 " \"accounts.txt\" for printing\n"

172 "2 - update an account\n"

173 "3 - add a new account\n"

174 "4 - delete an account\n"

175 "5 - end program\n? " );

176 scanf( "%d", &menuChoice );

177 return menuChoice;

178 }
After choosing option 1 accounts.txt contains:

Acct Last Name First Name Balance

29 Brown Nancy -24.54
Program Output
33 Dunn Stacey 314.33
37 Barker Doug 0.00
88 Smith Dave 258.34
96 Stone Sam 34.98

Enter account to update (1 - 100): 37

37 Barker Doug 0.00

Enter charge (+) or payment (-): +87.99

37 Barker Doug 87.99

Enter new account number (1 - 100): 22

Enter lastname, firstname, balance
? Johnston Sarah 247.45
 Command line argument

Shivani Varshney/RCET/Programming with C

 Information is passed into the main( ) function via
command line arguments. A command line argument is the
information that follows the program's name on the
command line of the operating system.
 For example, when you compile a program, you might type
something like the following after the
command prompt, cc program_name
 where program_name is a command line argument that
specifies the name of the program you wish to compile.

Shivani Varshney/RCET/Programming with C

 Two special built-in arguments, argc and argv, are used to
receive command line arguments.
 The argc parameter holds the number of arguments on the
command line and is an integer.
 It is always at least 1 because the name of the program
qualifies as the first argument.
 The argv parameter is a pointer to an array of character
pointers. Each element in this array points to a command line
argument.
 All command line arguments are strings— any numbers will
have to be converted by the program into the proper binary
format, manually.

Shivani Varshney/RCET/Programming with C

 Example

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
if(argc!=2) {
printf(''You forgot to type your name.\n");
exit(1);
}
printf("Hello %s", argv[1]);
return 0;
}

Shivani Varshney/RCET/Programming with C

 Bitwise Operator

Shivani Varshney/RCET/Programming with C

 Bitwise operation refers to testing, setting, or shifting the
actual bits in a byte or word, which correspond to the
standard char and int data type .
 Cannot be used on float , double, long double, void , or
other more complex types.
 The bitwise AND, OR, and NOT (one's complement) are
governed by the same truth table as their logical
equivalents, except that they work bit by bit.

Shivani Varshney/RCET/Programming with C

 The exclusive OR has the truth table shown here:
p q p^q
0 0 0
1 0 1
1 1 0
0 1 1s and variants.

Shivani Varshney/RCET/Programming with C

 Operator Action
& AND
| OR
^ Exclusive OR (XOR)
~ One's complement (NOT)
>> Shift right
<< Shift left

Shivani Varshney/RCET/Programming with C