IEG3L3 Simulasi Komputer Dan Praktikum
Ari Yanuar Ridwan
Industrial Engineering Study Program
School of Industrial And System
Engineering
Telkom University
V1.0 (2015)
INTRODUCTION TO
SYSTEMS MODELING
AND SIMULATION
WEEK 1
Basics of Modeling and
Simulation
What is simulation?
How to study a system?
When to use simulations?
Application areas of simulation
Terminology system, state, events
Model classification
Types of simulation
Steps in a simulation study
Advantages, disadvantages, and pitfalls in a
simulation study
IEG3L3 Simulasi Komputer Dan Praktikum
What is a simulation?
3
Simulation is imitation of the operation
of a facility or process, usually using a
computer
Facility being simulated is also called a
system
Assumptions/approximations, both logical
and mathematical, are made about how the
system works
These assumptions form a model of the
system
IEG3L3 Simulasi Komputer Dan Praktikum
How to study a system?
4
IEG3L3 Simulasi Komputer Dan Praktikum
When to use simulations?
5
Simulations can be used:
To study complex system, i.e., systems where
analytic solutions are infeasible.
To compare design alternatives for a system
that doesnt exist.
To study the effect of alterations to an existing
system. Why not change the system??
To reinforce/verify analytic solutions.
Simulations should not be used:
If model assumptions are simple such that
mathematical methods can be used to obtain
exact answers (analytical solutions)
IEG3L3 Simulasi Komputer Dan Praktikum
Application Areas
6
Design and performance evaluation of computer systems
Design and analysis of manufacturing systems
Operation of a production line
Evaluating designs for service organizations
Determining hardware requirements or protocols for
communications networks
Studying CPU Scheduling algorithms
Evaluation of Web caching policies
Study call centers, fast-food restaurants, hospitals, and post
offices
Evaluating military weapons systems or their logistics
requirements
Designing and operating transportation systems such as
airports, freeways, ports, and subways
Analyzing financial or economic systems
IEG3L3 Simulasi Komputer Dan Praktikum
Terminology
7
System: A collection of objects that act and
interact together toward some logical end
State of a system: Collection of variables and
their values necessary to characterize a system
at a particular time
E.g. Determine number of cashiers needed to provide
express service to customers with 10 or less item at a
superstore system consists of express cashiers and
customers with 10 or less items
Might depend on desired objectives, performance
measures
SS Example: # of express cashiers, time of arrival of
customers with 10 or less items, etc.
Event: AIEG3L3
change
in system state
Simulasi Komputer Dan Praktikum
Customer arrival, start of service, and customer
[Jain91]
Model Classification
8
Continuous-time vs. discrete-time
models
Continuous-event vs. discrete-event
models
Deterministic vs. probabilistic models
Static vs. dynamic models
Linear vs. non-linear models
Open vs.
models
IEG3L3closed
Simulasi Komputer
Dan Praktikum
Continuous and Discrete-time
models
9
Number of
students
in cpsc 531
Number
of cust.
in queue
Time
(a) Continuous-time
Time
(b) Discrete-time
IEG3L3 Simulasi Komputer Dan Praktikum
Continuous and Discrete-event
models
10
Distance
traveled
by plane
Number
of cust.
in queue
Time
(a) Continuous-event
Time
(b) Discrete-event
IEG3L3 Simulasi Komputer Dan Praktikum
Deterministic and Stochastic
Models
11
Deterministic models produce deterministic
results
Stochastic or probabilistic models are subject
to random effects
Typically, they have one or more random inputs
(e.g., arrival of customers, service time etc.).
Outputs from stochastic models are estimates
of the true characteristics of the system
Need to repeat experiments number of times
Need to have confidence in the results
IEG3L3 Simulasi Komputer Dan Praktikum
More on models
12
Static and dynamic models
Linear and non-linear models
Static models system state independent of time
Dynamic models - system state change with time
Linear models output is a linear function of
input parameters
Open and closed models
(a) Open Model
(b) Closed Model
IEG3L3 Simulasi Komputer Dan Praktikum
Types of Simulation (1/2)
13
Monte Carlo simulation
No time element (usually)
Used for evaluating non-probabilistic expressions
(e.g., an integral) using probabilistic methods
Wide variety of mathematical problems
Trace-driven simulation
Extensively used in computer systems
performance evaluation; e.g., paging algorithms
Advantages: credibility, easy validation, less
randomness, accurate workload
Disadvantages: complexity, only a snap-shot,
representative?, single point of validation
IEG3L3 Simulasi Komputer Dan Praktikum
Types of Simulation (2/2)
14
Monte Carlo simulation
Trace-driven simulation
Discrete-event simulation: a simulation
using a discrete-event (also called discretestate) model of the system
Continuous-event simulation: uses a
continuous-state models
E.g., Widely used for studying computer
systems
E.g., Widely used in chemical/pharmaceutical
studies
Our focus will be on discrete-event systems.
IEG3L3 Simulasi Komputer Dan Praktikum
Steps in a Simulation Study
15
IEG3L3 Simulasi Komputer Dan Praktikum
Advantages, disadvantages, and pitfalls in
a simulation study
16
Advantages
Disadvantages
Simulation allows great flexibility in modeling complex
systems, so simulation models can be highly valid
Easy to compare alternatives
Control experimental conditions
Can study system with a very long time frame
Stochastic simulations produce only estimates with
noise
Simulation models can be expensive to develop
Simulations usually produce large volumes of output
need to summarize, statistically analyze appropriately
Pitfalls
Failure to identify objectives clearly up front
Inappropriate level of detail (both ways)
Inadequate design and analysis of simulation
experiments
IEG3L3
Simulasi Komputer
Dan Praktikum
Inadequate
education,
training
17
Thank You
Any Question ?
IEG3L3 Simulasi Komputer Dan Praktikum
