SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
COURSE SEMINAR
IN
SOIL ENGINEERING-I (CE-631)
Prepared by
TULIKA BOSE
ROLL NO:143040018
Department of Civil Engg
IIT Bombay
CONTENTS
What is a foundation?
Types of foundations
Factors affecting choice of
foundation
Shallow foundations
Design of shallow foundations
Combined Piled Raft Foundations
2
Why is a foundation needed?
Fig1 :
([Link])
Types of Foundation
Shallow foundations
Deep foundations
Hybrid foundations
4
Primary Factors Affecting
Foundation Choice
Subsurface soil
Structural loading
Ground water conditions
Structural requirements
Cost involved
Secondary Factors Affecting
Foundation Choice
Construction access, methods & site
conditions
Building Codes & Regulations
Impact on surrounding structures
Construction schedule
Construction risks
6
Shallow Foundation
Shallow foundations are those which
transmit the structural loads at the
near surface soil and are constructed
relatively close to the finished ground
level; where the founding depth (Df) is
less than the width(B) of the footing.
ADVANTAGES
Cost effective solution
if the subsoil is of
sufficient strength to
cater to the imposed
loads
DISADVANTAGES
Settlement is high
especially if the subsoil
is a highly
compressible layer
Construction procedure Low resistance against
is simple and takes less torsion, lateral loads
time
and moments.
Expertise/skilled
labours are not
required.
It poses problems
where Irregular ground
profile is present
Types of Shallow Foundation
Shallow
foundation
s
Spread
footing
Combined
foundation
Raft
foundation
DESIGN OF
SHALLOW
FOUNDATIONS
GEOTECHNICAL
DESIGN
STRUCTURAL
DESIGN
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Design means the
determination of:
P
G.S.L
i. Df =?
ii. d =?
iii. B =?
iv. L =?
v. As=?
Df
BXL
B
L
Fig
2([Link])11
GEOTECHNICAL DESIGN
The design that takes into account
only the properties of soil is called as
Geotechnical Design.
SCOPE OF DESIGN :a) Df = ?
b) B = ?
c) L = ?
12
STRUCTURAL DESIGN
The design that takes into account the
technical aspects related to concrete
is called as Structural Design.
SCOPE OF DESIGN:-
a) d =?
b)As =?
13
STEPS OF GEOTECHNICAL DESIGN
Selection of the type of foundation system.
Fix the vertical location i.e. Df
foundation.
of the
Bearing Capacity and Settlement Analysis
and from this a suitable value of the design
pressure.
The dimensions in plan (B & L) of the footing.
14
TYPE OF FOUNDATION SYSTEM
Fig 3:(Taken from Gopal
15
Fig 4:(Taken from Gopal
Ranjan)
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DEPTH OF FOUNDATION
1. Mechanical consideration.
Soil profile and structural
requirement
[Link] consideration
Depth of top soil, rubbish fill
Depth of poor surface deposit like peat,
muck
GWT and its seasonal fluctuations
Depth of adjacent footings
Depth of underground facilities
17
Fig 5:(Taken from Gopal
Ranjan)
18
BEARING CAPACITY
Terzaghis equation (for general shear
failure)-
0.5BN
qult =cNc + Df Nq + 0.5BN
qnult =CNc+ Df (Nq-1) +
qns =(qnult /FOS)
For pure clay
Nc=5.7,Nq=1 & N=0
19
SETTLEMENT
= i + c
c=[Cc / (1 + eo)] *(H) *log (o +
) / o
Cc=compression index
o =initial overburden pressure at that level
=additional pressure at that level.
H=length of strata .
e0=natural void ratio of the soil in place.
20
LIMITING VALUES OF SETTLEMENT
Table 1:From IS:1904
21
GLOBAL STABILITY
Overturning
FOS > 1.5
Sliding
FOS > 1.5
Fig 6:(Taken from Gopal
22
FAILURE OF SHALLOW FOUNDATION
Proper location and depth
Bearing capacity failure
Excessive settlement
Overturning and sliding
Structural failure
So the foundation must be safe
against all the of the above failures
23
PILED RAFT FOUNDATION
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Raft foundation is provided over the base of the
whole Building
Piles are provided with raft at designed specified
location below the raft.
The use of the piles is intended to reduce the
total and differential settlement of raft to a
considerable degree causing large scale economy
without compromising the safety and
performance of the foundation.
25
Use of raft in conjunction with some piles is costlier than
in case where only raft is used if possible but much less
than the case when only piles are used.
As a result in the past decades there has been increasing
recognition to use some piles with raft to reduce the total
and
differential settlement of raft leading to considerable
economy
without compromising the safety and performance of the
foundation structure system.
One of the most important buildings constructed with
such system is for the foundation system of the worlds
tallest building the Burj Dubai.
26
Fig :7 From Design and Construction of
the Burj
Khalifa,Dubai,UAEStructures Congress
27
Conclusion
Design of shallow foundations is
controlled by many factors.
Involves integrated decisionmaking and functioning of
architects, structural engineers
and foundation engineers
28
References
Design of Shallow foundations by [Link]
Basic and applied Soil mechanics by [Link] &
A.S.R Rao.
IS 1904(1986),Code of practice for Design and
Construction of Foundation in soils: General
Requirements.
J. M. Raut,S. R. Khadeshwar,S. P. Bajad, andM. S.
Kadu(2014) Simplified Design Method for Piled Raft
Foundations, Advances in Soil Dynamics and
Foundation Engineering, ASCE.
Ahmed Abdelrazaq(2010).Design and Construction of
the Burj Khalifa,Dubai,UAEStructures Congress ASCE.
29
THANK YOU
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