DECISION MAKING
MRUGAJA AURANGABADKAR
The Decision-Making Process
Searching
For potential
alternatives
Define the problem/ Setting
managerial
Objectives by identifying the
Limiting factors
Revise or
update
objectives/
problem
Follow-up
and
control
Take
corrective
action as
necessary
Comparing &
evaluating
alternatives
Renew
search
Implementing
decisions
The act
of choice/select the best alternative
1.Define the problem
Identify the problem
Define the problem
Identify the problem separately from its
symptoms (A successful manager doesnt just attack
symptoms; he works to uncover the factors that cause
these symptoms
1.Define the problem
Identify the problem
Define the problem
Identify the problem separately from its
symptoms (A successful manager doesnt just attack
symptoms; he works to uncover the factors that cause
these symptoms
Eg:
Symptoms and their real causes
Symptoms
Underlying Problems
Low profits/declining sales
Poor market research
High cost
Poor design process, poorly
trained employees
Low morale
Lack of communication
between management and
subordinates
High employee turnover
Rate of pay too low, job design
not suitable
High rate of absenteeism
Employees believe that they
are not valued
Identifying the limiting
factor
Realistically, managers operate in an
environment that normally doesnt provide ideal
resources. For example- they may lack the proper
budget or may not have the most accurate
information or extra time. So they must choose to
satisfice-to make the best decision possible with
the available information, resources and time
available.
2.Develop potential
alternatives
A manager should think through and
investigate several alternatives solutions to
a single problem before making a quick
decision. One of the best methods for
developing alternatives is through
brainstorming(where a group works
together to generate ideas and alternative
solutions)
3. Analyze the alternatives
>Decide the relative merits of each idea
>Identify the advantages and disadvantages of each
alternative solutions
>Perform a cost benefit analysis for each alternative
>Rank/give weights/ to each alternative
>A manager needs to evaluate each alternative in terms ofFeasibility (can it be done)
Effectiveness (how well does it resolve the problem situation?)
Consequences ( what will be its cost to the organization?)
4. Select the best
alternative
Decides which alternative isthe most feasible and effective
less cost to the organization
chances of success
A manager simply selects the alternative with
the highest probability of success
5. Implement the decision
6. Establish a control- Actions needs to be
monitored. An evaluation system should
provide feedback on how well the decisions
is being implemented, what are the results,
what adjustments are necessary to get the
results etc
APPROACHES TO DECISION
MAKING
ECONOMIC MAN MODEL
The Rational/Classical Model:
The rational model is the first attempt to
know the decision-making-process. It is
considered by some as the classical
approach to understand the decisionmaking process. The classical model gave
various steps in decision-making process
which have been discussed earlier.
Features of Classical Model:
1.Problems are clear.
2. Objectives are clear.
3. People agree on criteria and weights.
4. All alternatives are known.
5. All consequences can be anticipated.
6. Decision makes are rational.
i. They are not biased in recognizing
problems.
ii. They are capable of processing ail
relevant
information
iii. They anticipate present and future
consequences of decisions.
iv. They search for all alternatives that
maximizes the desired results.
Bounded Rationality Model or Administrative
Man Model:
Decision-making involve the achievement of a goal. Rationality
demands that the decision-maker should properly understand
the alternative courses of action for reaching the goals.
He should also have full information and the ability to analyse
properly various alternative courses of action in the light of
goals sought. There should also be a desire to select the best
solutions by selecting the alternative which will satisfy the goal
achievement.
Herbert A. Simon defines rationality in terms of objective and
intelligent action. It is characterised by behavioural nexus
between ends and means. If appropriate means are chosen to
reach desired ends the decision is rational.
Bounded Rationality model is based on the
concept developed by Herbert Simon. This model
does not assume individual rationality in the
decision process.
Instead, it assumes that people, while they may
seek the best solution, normally settle for much
less, because the decisions they confront typically
demand greater information, time, processing
capabilities than they possess. They settle for
bounded rationality or limited rationality in
decisions. This model is based on certain basic
concepts.
a.Sequential Attention to alternative
solution:
Normally it is the tendency for people to examine
possible solution one at a time instead of
identifying all possible solutions and stop searching
once an acceptable (though not necessarily the
best) solution is found.
b.Heuristic (practical learning):
These are the assumptions that guide the search
for alternatives into areas that have a high
probability for yielding success.
c.Satisficing:
Herbert Simon called this satisficing that is
picking a course of action that is satisfactory or
good enough under the circumstances.It is the
tendency for decision makers to accept the first
alternative that meets their minimally acceptable
requirements rather than pushing them further for
an alternative that produces the best
results.Satisficing is preferred for decisions of
small significance when time is the major
constraint or where most of the alternatives are
essentially similar.
