SDH Principle Curriculum
The principle is divided into 4 parts:
1 SDH OverviewTo have the basic concept of SDH
What is SDH?
Why did the SDH system emerge?
Advantages and disadvantages of SDH system.
2 Frame structure and multiplexing method of SDH signals
The functions of each part in SDH signal frame structure
Multiplexing the commonly encountered PDH signals
(2Mb/s, 34Mb/s,140Mb/s) into SDH signals?
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SDH Principle Curriculum
3 Overhead and Pointers
Layered monitoring mechanism of SDHOverheads
Directly add/drop lower-rate signals in SDHPointers
4 Logical composition of SDH equipment
Common network elements of SDH network
Logical function blocks of SDH equipment
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SDH Principle
SDH
SDH
Overview
Overview
Overheads
Overheads
and
and
Pointers
Pointers
Frame
Frame
structure
structure
and
and
multiplexmultiplexing
ing
methods
methods
Logical
Logical
parts
partsofof
SDH
SDH
equipment
equipment
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Chapter 1 SDH Overview
Background
Background Disadvantages
Advantages DisadvanDisadvantages Advantages
DisadvanofofSDH
ofofSDH
ofofPDH
SDH
SDH tages
PDH
tagesofofSDH
SDH
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1.1 Background about SDH emergence
What is SDH--Synchronous Digital Hierarchy. Similar to
PDH they are all digital signal transmission system.
Why did SDH emerge?
1)What we need in info-society:
huge volume of info, and digital, integrated, personal.
2)What we want the transmission network to be:
Broadband---info-highway
Standard---universal interface all over the world
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1.2 Disadvantages of PDH:
1 Interfaces
Electrical interfaces---only regional
standards, no universal standard.
3 rate hierarchies for
PDH:European(2Mb/s) Japanese, North
American(1.5Mb/s).
Optical interfaces---no standards at all,
manufacturers develop at their will.
Difficult to inter-connect
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2 Multiplexing methods:
Asynchronous Multiplexing for PDH:
The location of low-rate signals in high-rate signals is not
regular nor predictable. So it is impossible to directly
add/drop low-rate signals from high-rate signals.
Where
did I put
the signals?
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140Mb/s
140Mb/s
34Mb/s
34Mb/s
8Mb/s
8Mb/s
multiplexer
de-multiplexer
de-multiplexer
multiplexer
de-multiplexer
multiplexer
2Mb/s
Low-rate signals have to be separated from high-rate
signals level by level. Multiple levels of multiplexing/demultiplexing cause signals to deteriorate, it is not suitable
for huge-volume transmission.
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3 OAM
OAM function affects the maintenance cost.It is determined
by the number of overhead bytes(redundant bytes);
There are VERY few redundant byes available in PDH
signals which can be used as OAM purpose, so OAM in PDH
is very poor, it is unreliable either.
4 No universal network management interface
It is hard to set up an integrated network
management. No way to form a universal TMN.
PDH is inappropriate to transmit huge-volume signals, so
SDH came to play the part.
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1.3 Advantages of SDH:
1 Interfaces
Electrical interfaces:standard rate
hierarchy(transmission speed level)
The basic rate level is called Synchronous Transfer
Module(STM-1), the other rate levels are the
multiple of STM-1.
Optical interfaces:only scramble the electrical signals.
SDH: optical code pattern is scrambled NRZ,
PDH: optical code pattern is scrambled mBnB.
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SDH Signals
Bit rate(Mb/s)
STM-1
155.520 or 155M
STM-4
622.080 or 622M
STM-16
2488.320 or 2.5G
STM-64
9953.280 or 10G
SDH:high-rate signal is exactly 4 times that
of the next low-rate signal.
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STM-1
155Mb/s
STM-4
622Mb/s
STM-64
10Gb/s
WDM
10Gb/s
STM-16
2.5Gb/s
SDH:4STM-1=STM-4 4STM-4=STM-16
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2 Multiplexing methods:
low-rate SDHhigh-rate SDH(e.g.:4 STM-1STM-4).
Uses byte interleaved multiplexing method.
STM-1
STM-1
Byte
interleaved
multiplexing
STM-4
STM-1
STM-1
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A1 A2 A3
B1 B2 B3
C1 C2 C3
Byte interleaved
multiplexing
A1 B1 C1 A2 B2 C2 A3 B3 C3
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Other signalsSDH:
Using pointers to align the low-rate signals in SDH frame
,so the receivers can directly drop low-rate signals.E.g.:
P
P
Packing
D
k
H
g
STM-1
Alignment
PK
Ga
PK
Gb
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3 OAM
More bytes in SDH frame structure are used for
OAM purpose, about 5% of total bytes. SDH boasts
of high capability of OAM.
4 Compatibility
SDH is compatible with the existing PDH system.
SDH allows new types of equipment to be used,
allows broadband access, such as ATM.
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SDH compatibility schematics
PDH, ATM
FDDI signals
packing
package
packing
SDH
network
STM-N
transmit
STM-N
transmit
Package
transmit
unpacking
PDH, ATM
FDDI signals
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1.4 Disadvantages of SDH
1 low bandwidth utilization ratio--- contradiction
between efficiency and reliability.
63 2M
2M
34M
140M
3 34M=48 2M
STM-1
(155M)
1 140M=64 2M
2 Mechanism of pointer adjustment is complex, it can
cause pointer adjustment jitters
3 Large-scale application of software makes SDH system
vulnerable to viruses or mistakes.
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Chapter 2 Frame Structure and
Multiplexing methods
Multiplexing
Multiplexing
Procedure
Procedure
Components
Components
and
andfunctions
functions
140M
34M
STM-N
2M
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I must
understand the functions
of different parts
of SDH frame
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2.1
STM-N Frame Structure
9270 N bytes
Transmission 1
direction
SOH
3
4 AU-PTR
5
SOH
9
9N
STM-N payload
Transmit
left to right
up to down
(including POH)
261N
270N
columns
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1 Characteristics of SDH signals:
block frame in units of bytes(8bit),
transmission---from left to right, from top to bottom,
frame frequency constant---8000 frames/s,
frame period 125us.
2 Composition of SDH signals:
1) Payload:
It is where we put all the information in STM-N frame
structure. All kinds of effective info, such as 2M, 34M ,
140M are first packed before being stored here. Then
they are carried by STM-N signals over the SDH network.
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If we should consider STM-N signal to be a truck, then
info payload would be the carriage of the truck. In order to
monitor the transmission status of the goods during
transportation, POH are added to each information package.
STM-N
POH
Low-rate signals 1
Pkg
loading
packing
Pkg
Payload
packing
Low-rate signals n
Pkg
Pkg
loading
Pkg
Pkg
POH
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2) Section Overhead:
Accomplishes monitoring of STM-N signal streams. To check
whether the goods in STM-N carriage is damaged or not.
Regenerator Section Overhead(RSOH): monitor the overall
STM-N signals.
Multiplex Section Overhead(MSOH): monitor each STM-1
in STM-N signal.
RSOH, MSOH and POH set up SDH layered
monitoring mechanism.
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Sections and
Paths
Low-rate signal 1
Low-rate signal 2
Low-rate signal n
SDH
Section signal
(SOH)
low-rate path
signal(POH)
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3) Administrative Unit Pointer(AU-PTR):
Indicates the location of low-rate signals in STM-N
frame(payload), makes the location of low-rate
signals in high-rate signals predictable.
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According to the value of AU, the receiver can directly
drop low-rate signals from STM-N frame. That is to
say we can get the goods directly from the carriage
if we know the label of the goods.
Because the goods are placed regularly in the
carriage, we only need to know the first piece of
goods.
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Receiving:
Sending:
AU-PTR indicates the first
info package
According to the value of
AU-PTR, get the first info
package, through the
regularity of byte interleaved
multiplexing, get the other
packages
(SDH transmission
network)
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For low-rate signals such as 2M, 34M. We need two-levels
of pointers to align.
First, small information goods is packed into middle
information goods. Tributary unit pointer(TU-PTR)
is used to align the location of small goods in middle goods.
Then these middle goods are packed into big goods,
AU-PTR is to align the location of middle info package.
AU-PTR
Secondary alignment
2M
34M
TU-PTR
Primary alignment
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2.2 Multiplexing procedures of SDH
low-rate SDHhigh-rate SDH:
byte interleaved multiplexing, 4 into 1.
PDH signalsSTM-N: synchronous multiplexing:
140MSTM-N
34M STM-N
2MSTM-N
Multiplexing is based on the multiplexing route diagram.
ITU-T defines several different multiplexing routes, but for
any country or region, the method is unique.
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1 Multiplexing structure adopted in China
N
STM-N AUG
AU-4
SDH signal
C-4
VC-4
3
TU-3
TUG-3
VC-3
C-3
Pointer
processing
Align
adjustment
Multiplexing
139264kbit/s
34368kbit/s
TUG-2
3
TU-12
Mapping
VC-12
C-12
2048kbit/s
PDH signals
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140M multiplexing procedures(140M STM-N)
1
Rate
Adaptation
140M 9
1
1
POH
C4
125us
260
P
O
H
1
VC4
125us
To be continued
261
C4---Container 4: A standard info structure corresponding to 140M,
performs bit rate justification.
VC4---Virtual Container 4: A standard info structure corresponding
toC4, performs real-time performance monitoring of 140M
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140M multiplexing procedures
AU-4
(continue)
alignment
STM-1
RSOH
AU-PTR
AU-PTR
9
10
125us
SOH
payload
1
MSOH
9
270
125us
270
AU-4---Administrative Unit 4, a info structure
corresponding toVC4, performs pointer alignment.
140MVC4AU-4STM-1,
One STM-1 can only incorporate one 140M signal.
270xN
STM-N
9
125us
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34M multiplexing procedures
C3
VC3
1
POH
Rate adaptation
34M
9
1
125us
84
P
O
H
9 1
To be continued
125us
85
C3---Container 3: A standard info structure corresponding to 34M,
performs bit rate justification.
VC3---Virtual Container 3: A standard info structure corresponding
to C4, performs real-time performance monitoring of 140M
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34M multiplexing procedures
TU-3
(continue) 1
H1
H2
TU- H3
PTR
125us
TUG-3 86
86
1
1
1 H1
H2
H3
Fill
Gap
R
261
P
O RR
H
3
BIM
125us
VC4
125us
TU3---Tributary Unit 3: A standard info structure corresponding to
VC3, performs primary alignment.
TUG3---Tributary Unit Group 3: A standard info structure
corresponding toTU3.
34MVC3TU3TUG3 3 TUG3VC4STM-1
One STM-1 can hold 3 34M.
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2M multiplexing procedures
POH
1
C12
Rate
Adaptation
VC12
POH
Primary
Alignment
TU12
To be continued
2M
9
1
125us
125us
9
1
PTR
125us
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2M multiplexing procedures (2M VC4)
C12--Container 12: A standard info structure
corresponding to 2M, performs bit rate justification
for 2M signals, 4 basic frames constitute a multi-frame.
VC12---Virtual Container 12:A standard info structure
corresponding to 2M, performs real-time monitoring.
TU12---Tributary Unit 12: A standard info structure
corresponding to VC12, performs primary pointer
alignment forVC12.
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2M multiplexing procedures (2M VC4)
TUG2
Byte Interleaved
Multiplexing
(continue)
125us
Byte
Interleaved
Multiplexing
86
R R TUG3
9
125us
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2M Multiplexing procedures(2M VC4)
TUG2---Tributary Unit Group 2
TUG3---Tributary Unit Group 3
2MC12VC12TU12 3TU12TUG2
7 TUG2TUG3 3TUG3VC4STM-1
One STM-1 is able to hold 373= 63 2M.
Multiplexing structure for 2M is 3-7-3.
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Concept of multiframe:
4 C12 basic frames make up
1 multi-frame.
Both basic frames and
multi-frame carry the same SDH
2M signal.
One basic frame can hold
the info segment of 2M
C12
signal during 125us period.
One multi-frame holds the C12
info for 2M signal during C12
500us period.
C12
1#
STM-1
2#
STM-1
3#
STM-1
4#
STM-1
Multiplexer
1#
63 2M
2#
3#
4#
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Relations between info structures
E1
C12
VC12
TU12
E3
C3
VC3
TU3
E4
C4
VC4
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Summary
Main contents for this chapter:
STM-N frame structure and functions of
different parts of the frame
Methods for multiplexing PDH into STM-N frames
140M multiplexed into STM-N frames
34M multiplexed into STM-N frames
2M multiplexed into STM-N frames
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Chapter 3 Overhead and Pointers
Overhead
Overhead
Path
Section
Path
Section
Overhead
Overhead
Overhead Overhead
Pointers
AU-PTR
AU-PTR
TU-PTR
TU-PTR
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Overhead
SOH
RSOH
MSOH
POH
VC4
POH
(HPOH)
VC12
POH
(LPOH)
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Layered monitoring
VC12
LO-POH
VC4
HO-POH
STM-1
MSOH
STM-N
RSOH
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SOH(take STM-1 as an example)
1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
8
A1* A1* A1* A2* A2* A2 * J0 * *
B1
D1
E1
D2
B2 B2
D4
D7
D10
S1
B2
K1
D5
D8
D11
F1
D3
9
*
RSOH
AU-PTR
M1
K2
D6
D9
D12
E2
MSOH
Bytes reserved for domestic use
Marked * bytes are not scrambled
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1) Framing bytes:A1,A2 to locate the
frame heads
Signal stream
STM-N STM-N STM-N STM-N STM-N STM-N
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Frame
Head?
Found
A1,A2?
N
Give OOF
Over 3ms
Generate LOF
Next
process
Insert AIS
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2) DCC Data Communication Channel bytes:D1D12
An info channel for OAM between NE-NE
D1-D3 is in Regenerator section(DCCR),
D4-D12 is in Multiplex section(DCCM),
NM
UTP
DCC channel
OAM info includes: performance monitoring, alarms
inquiry, command issue,etc.
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3) Order wire bytes: E1,E2
Each provides a 64kb/s order wire digital telephone.
E1is for RS order wire
E2 is for MS order wire
E2can not be used by a REGs
4) Bit interleaved parity byte:B1
Performs real-time monitoring over the signal stream
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Bit Interleaved parity
BIP-8
A1
A2
A3
A4
00110011
11001100
10101010
00001111
01011010
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B1 working mechanism:
Insert B1
SDH
Equipment
Sending
Detect B1
SDH
Equipment
Receiving
STM-N
If error blocks occurred
produce: RS-BBE
performance event
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5) Bit interleaved Parity B2 byte
monitor the error blocks of MS
Insert B2
SDH
Equipment
Sending
Detect B2
SDH
Equipment
Receiving
STM-N
If error blocks occurred
produce: MS-BBE
performance event
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6) Multiplex section Remote Error Indication byte:M1
Sent from receiver to sender
Informs the sender: the error blocks detected by receiver
through B2
M1 received
produce: MS-REI
performance event
SDH
Equipment
Sender
Error blocks found
produce: MS-BBE
performance event
STM-N
SDH
Equipment
Receiver
Send M1
byte
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7) Automatic Protection Switching(APS) bytes---K1,K2
Carries APS protocol for MSP switching
MS Remote Defect Indication byte:
K2(b6-b8)=111, indicates that all 1 signals have
been received, receiver will give MS-AIS alarm
K2(b6-b8)=110, indicates that MS-RDI has been
received, which means the counter-part has received
signal deterioration, such as MS-AIS, RLOF etc.
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K2 Detection
Found
110
K2(b6-b8)
111
Giving
MS-AIS
Sending back
MS-RDI
Producing
MS-RDI
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Receive K2(110)
produce: MS-RDI
alarm event
SDH
Equipment
Sender
Find K2(111)
produce: MS-AIS
alarm event
SDH
Equipment
Receiver
STM-N
Sending back K2
(110)
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8)
Synchronous Status byte S1(bit5~8)
For synchronous status indication
The smaller the value of S1, the higher the
quality of synchronous clock!
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Classification:
2 Path Overhead
Lower-order POH--VC12
Higher-order POH---VC4
Difference:
VC-4 macro, VC-12 micro
VC4
VC-4 includes VC-12
POH
(HPOH)
VC12
POH
(LPOH)
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1) Higher-order POH
(VC-4 POH)
1
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
F3
K3
N1
261
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1 Path Trace byteJ1
J1 is the first byte of VC4 -POH, its
location is indicated by AU-4 pointer.
Using J1 byte, the sender and receiver
repeatedly exchange higher-order path
access point identifier, so both ends
know they are in continuous connection.
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Default value for J1:HuaWei
SBS
J1 sent and received must match.
J1 received=J1 to be received
If J1 mismatched, the equipment will give
HP-TIM alarm at the corresponding VC4
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Detect J1
J1 Detection flow
N
Give
HP-TIM
Match?
Continue
Insert AIS
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2 Path BIP byte B3
Monitor signal flow at higher-order path
Insert B3
SDH
Equipment
Sending
Detect B3
STM-N
(VC4)
SDH
Equipment
Receiving
If error blocks occurred
produce: HP-BBE
performance event
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3 Signal label byte C2
Indicate the multiplexing structure of VC and
characteristics of info payload
C2 sent and C2 received must match. Once mismatched,
HP-SLM will be given out at the corresponding VC4.
C2=00H indicates VC4 is unequipped, give HP-UNEQ alarm.
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Detect C2
C2 detection flow
Continue
Match?
00H?
Y
HP-UNEQ
HP-SLM
Insert AIS
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4 Path Status byte G1
Indicates the transmission status of higher-order VC path
Informing:Receiver sends back to sender to let the latter
knows the transmission status.
Using G1(b1-b4) to tell the the number of error blocks
detected by B3.
Sender gives HP-REI performance event at
corresponding VC4 path.
If receiver detects AIS, J1 and C2 mismatch, VC4 UNEQ,
it will inform the sender at corresponding VC4 path
using G1(b5)=1, and the sender will give HP-RDI alarm.
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Detect received VC4
N
N
Continue
HP-BBE?
Y
Send
back
HP-REI
HP-UNEQ
HP-TIM
HP-SLM?
Y
Send
back
HPRDI
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5 TU Position Indicator byte:H4
Indicates the multi-frame type of effective load and the
position of payload.
When multiplex PDH into SDH, H4 is only useful for
2M signals. It indicates the current frame is which
basic frame in the multi-frame, so that the receiver can
find TU-PTR in order to extract 2M signals.
The value of H4 is 00H-03H, if the value of H4
is out of this range, the receiver will generate HP-LOM
at corresponding path. This path will be insert all one
signals.
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Lower-order Path Overhead(VC12-POH)
VC12 Overhead
1
1 V5
4
J2
1#VC12
1
9
V1
N2
1#VC12
2
V2
K4
1#VC12
3
1#VC12
4
V3
V4
500us TU12 Multi-frame
TU12 Pointer byte
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2) Lower-order Path Overhead
Path status and signal label byte: V5
First byte in the multi-frame, where TU-PTR points to.
VC12 error block monitoring, VC12 path status informing,
signal label indication:
error block monitoringLP-BBE
error block informingLP-REI
signal label=000, corresponding path will give
LP-UNEQ
Once received TU-AIS,LP-TIM,LP-SLM,
using V5 to tell the opposite side, which will generate
LP-RDI alarm at corresponding VC12.
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DetectV5
Detect
signal
label
N
Y
000?
000?
Match?
Detect
error
blocks
LP-UNEQ
LP-BBE
Continue
errors?
Continue
LP-SLM
Send back
LP-RDI
Send
back
LP-REI
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Pointers
AU-PTR
TU-PTR
AU-PTR---align the location
of VC4 in AU-4.
TU-PTR---align the location
of VC12 in TU12.
Together with framing
bytes A1, A2 to drop lowrate signals directly from
high-rate signals(STM-N)
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1 Administrative Unit Pointer---AU-PTR
Pointer values are placed in the last 10 bits in H1 and H2bytes.
3 bytes constitute a adjustment opportunity. The payload of
STM-1can be divided into 261*9/3=783 units.
Each unit has an address coordinates. AU-PTR is 0-782,
if the value of AU-PTR is not within this range, then
AU-LOP will be reported at the corresponding path, and
the signals of this path will be all one.
If the values of H1, H2, H3 in the received AU-PTR are all
1, the receiver will give out AU-AIS alarm, and insert
all 1.
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AU-PTR working mechanism:
The carriage of truck STM-1 is payload, its stop time
is 125us(8000F/s), the cargo VC4 are continuously loaded
onto the truck in the unit of 3 bytes.
Normally, loading time of VC4= stop time of the truck
3 bytes
STM-1
form a unit
VC4
Loading
continuously
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Loading time=stop time( VC4 rate=AU-4 rate)AU-PTR=522
RSOH
H3H3H3
MSOH
RSOH
520
J1 522
0
MSOH
521
523
782
1
520
521
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Loading time<stop time(VC4 rate>AU-4 rate), H3H3H3 are
used to store effective info. The pointer value is decreased by 1,
this is called negative adjustment.
RSOH
INFO
MSOH
520
RSOH
522
J1 521
523
782
0
MSOH
1
520
521
HUAWEI TRAINING
loading time>stop time(VC4 rate<AU-4 rate), this might cause
the truck can not be loaded full, so pseudo-random info is added.
This causes pointer value to increase by 1. The pointer is said
to do positive adjustment.
RSOH
H3H3H3 RRR
MSOH
520
RSOH
522
J1 523
782
0
MSOH
521
1
520
521
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AU-PTR:
In normal situation, pointers are only occasionally adjusted.
When the network becomes asynchronous, there will be
a large number of pointer adjustment events.
Pointer adjustment rule:
Adjustment interval is 3 frames
NDF means AU-PTRs value is being changed
If receiver detects NDF in 8 frames continuously,
equipment will give out AU-LOP alarm, and insert
all 1.
NDF means New Data Flag
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2 Tributary Unit Pointer---TU-PTR
The pointer values are placed in last 10 bits in V1, V2
Adjustment unit is 1 byte
Range is 0-139
If V1, V2, V3 are all 1, receiver gives out TU-AIS
If pointer value is not within 0-139, or having received
NDF in 8 frames continuously, TU-LOP is generated
at corresponding path and all 1 is inserted.
HUAWEI TRAINING
Summary:
SDH monitoring---Overhead
SOH---RSOH, MSOH
POH---HPOH, LPOH
Pointers
Administrative Unit Pointer---AU-PTR
Tributary Unit Pointer---TU-PTR
Main points are alarm-detecting mechanism
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Chapter 4 Logical composition
of SDH equipment
Contents
Common NE
in SDH network
Logical functional blocks
of SDH equipment
Basic
function blocks
Auxiliary
function blocks
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I want to master
the common NEs
and the functions
of logical blocks
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1 Common NEs in SDH Network
TM
ADM
REG
DXC
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1 Terminal Multiplexer--TM
multiplexing, cross-connection
w
TM
2M
TM
34M
STM-N
(Optical Interface)
140M
STM-M
(Tributary Interface)
ADM
Note: (M<N)
TM
Application of TM in chain network
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2 Add/drop Multiplexer--ADM
multiplexing, cross-connection
STM-N
ADM
(Optical interface)
(Optical interface)
2M
34M
140M
STM-M
(Tributary Interface)
TM
STM-N
ADM
Note: (M<N)
TM
Application of ADM in chain network
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3 Regenerator--REG
regeneration, amplification and relaying
STM-N
REG
(Optical interface)
TM
ADM
STM-N
(Optical interface)
REG
ADM
TM
Application of REG in chain network
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Digital Cross-connection Equipment---DXC
Core function is cross-connection
Used at hub station
(Optical interface)
(Optical interface)
DXC
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DXC m/n indicates the features of DXC:
m is the highest access rate level
n is the lowest cross connection rate level
Value
Rate
64K
2M
6M
1. 544M
34M 140M
45M 155M
622M 2. 5G
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2 Logical function
blocks of SDH Equipment
Understand the
functions of each
function block
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Logical function blocks of SDH Equipment-TM
STM-N
TTF
A
G.703 M
SPI
RST
MST
MSP
MSA
HOI
L
PPI
LPA
HPT
140Mb/s
LOI
2Mb/s
G.703 K
PPI
LPA
HPC
HOA
I
LPT
LPC
HPA
HPT
34Mb/s
Q interface
OHA
SEMF
OHA interface
MCF
N F interface
P
D4~D12
D1~D3
SETS
SETPI
External
synchronous
signal interface
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SDH Physical InterfaceSPI
O/E Conversion, extracting timing
SPI
Receiving
AB
O/E
Extract Timing
R-LOS
when fails
Sending
B A
E/O
Writing timing
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Regenerator Section Termination--RST
Process RSOH
Sending
CB
Write
RSOH
Scramble
STM-N
RST
Receiving
BC
Framing
A1,A2 correct?
When R-LOS
insert all 1
N
R-OOF or
R-LOF, insert
all 1
Y
De-scramble
Process RSOH
Verify B1 ->
RS-BBE
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Multiplex Section Termination --MST
Process MSOH
MST
Sending
DC
Write MSOH
M1 send
MS-REI
K2 send
MS-RDI
Detects
K2(b6-b8)
111->
110 ->
MS-RDI MS-AIS
insert 1
Receiving
CD
Verify B2
error bits
generate
MS-BBE
Excessive
error bits,
generate
B2-OVER
insert all
1
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MSP--Multiplex Section Protection
Implements MS protection switching
Switching conditions:RLOS,RLOF,MS-AIS
Normally,signals are transmitted transparently
K1,K2 carries APS protocol
SCC controls Optical boards and crossconnection boards to implement MSP.
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Multiplex Section Adaptation -- MSA
Process AU-PTR
Sending
FE
Write AU-PTR,
N AU4 BIM
MSA
Receiving
EF
Read AU-PTR
If all 1,
generate AU-AIS
insert all 1
Invalid pointers,
generate AU-LOP,
insert all 1
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TTF---Transmission Termination Function Block:
SPI, RST, MST, MSP, MSA
Optical STM-N---Electrical NVC4
STM-N
TTF
NVC4
O/E, RSOH
MSOH, AU-PTR
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Higher-order Path Termination--HPT
Process higher-order POH
Monitor VC4
HPT
Receiving
FG
B3 error bits
generate
HP-BBE
J1 mismatch
generate
HP-TIM
C2 mismatch
generate
HP-SLM
C2=00
generate
HP-UNEQ
H4 invalid
generate
HP-LOM
Insert all 1
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HPT
Sending
GF
Write HPOH
Error bits
send back HP-REI
using G1(b1-b4)
HP-TIM,
HP-SLM,
HP-UNEQ
send back
HP-RDI
using G1(b5)
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Lower-order Path Adaptation--LPA
Packing: 140MC4
Unpacking: C4140M
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PDH Physical Interface--PPI
Signal interface between equipment and PDH
Extract PDH tributary timing signals
Code pattern conversion: NRZCMI
PPI
Receiving
JK
Code pattern
conversion
Sending
KJ
Code pattern
conversion,
extract timing
No input signals
generate EXTLOS
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HOI---High Order Interface Function Block:
HPT, LPA, PPI
PDH signal 140M----VC4
PDH 140M signal
1VC4
HOI
Code pattern conversion,
incorporate 140M
into C4, process HPOH
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Higher-order Path Termination--HPT
Process higher-order POH
Monitor VC4
HPT
Receiving
FG
B3 error bits
generate
HP-BBE
J1 mismatch
generate
HP-TIM
C2 mismatch
generate
HP-SLM
C2=00
generate
HP-UNEQ
H4 invalid
generate
HP-LOM
Insert all 1
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HPT
Sending
GF
Write HPOH
Error bits
send back HP-REI
using G1(b1-b4)
HP-TIM,
HP-SLM,
HP-UNEQ
send back
HP-RDI
using G1(b5)
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Higher-order Path Adaptation--HPA
Process TU-PTR
Sending
HG
Write TU-PTR
Multiplex
HPA
De-multiplex
Receiving
GH
Process TU
V1~V3 =1
generate TU-AIS
insert all 1
invalid pointers
generate TU-LOP
insert all 1
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HOA---High Order Assembly:
HPT, HPA
VC12 or VC3---C4
1VC4
HOI
VC12 or
VC3
Process TU-PTR,
HPOH
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Lower-order Path Termination--LPT
Process LPOH
Monitor VC3 or VC12
LPT
Receiving
HI
Verify V5: LP-BBE
LP-TIM, LP-UNEQ
Sending
I H
W rite LPOH
LP-BBELP-REI
LP-TIM, UNEQ
LP-RDI
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Lower-order Path Adaptation--LPA
Packing: 2M--C12 or 34M--C3
Unpacking: C12--2M or C3--34M
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PDH Physical Interface--PPI
Signal interface between equipment and PDH
Extract PDH tributary timing signals
Code pattern conversion: NRZHDB3
PPI
Receiving
JK
Code pattern
conversion
Sending
KJ
Code pattern
conversion
extract timing
Input AIS
generate
E1-AIS
No input signals
generate T-ALOS
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LOI---Low Order Interface :
LPT, LPA, PPI
PDH signals 2M, 34M---VC12,
VC3
1VC12
1VC3
PDH 2M, 34M signals
LOI
Code pattern conversion,
incorporate 2M or
34M into C12 or C3,
process LPOH
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HPC and LPC---High-order Path Connection,
Low-order Path Connection:
HPC performs cross-connection of VC4
LPC performs cross-connection of VC3, VC12
HPC and LPC together implement distribution
of service signals
Line
Line
Tributary
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SEMF---Synchronous Equipment Management Function Block
Implements equipment management
Similar to mans brain
MCF---Message Communication Function Block
Messenger, delivers the instruction from SEMF
Output instructions(to NM)
OAM info
OAM info
SEMF+MCF
Output instructions(to boards)
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SETS---Synchronous Equipment Timing Source
SETPI--- Synchronous Equipment Timing Physical Interface
Generates local synchronous signals
Receives external synchronous clock
Output synchronous clock
Receive:
External clock source
Local timing clock
Timing source from line unit
Outputs timing signals
Timing source from
makes other equipment
tributary unit
Locks timing reference
synchronous
source
Generates local clock
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SDH Principle Test
1.
Fill in the blanks:
1 PDH transmission system has
______,______
and ______ three serials. Among them,
1.544Mb/s rate belongs to ____ digital
serial,2.048Mb/s rate belongs to
_______.
2 There are ______ bytes in STM-4 frame
structure.RSOH has _____ bytes, MSOH
has
_____types.
3 The function of standard container C
is
_________, function of virtual
container
VC is _________.
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5 ________ bytes in STM-1 signal frame
structure are used for alignment purpose.
_______ bytes are used to create the
communication channel between NM and
NEs.________ bytes
are able to provide order-wire telephones,
_________ bytes are used to carry APS
protocol
6 The value of AU-PTR is located at
No._______
bits of ______ bytes.One opportunity
adjustment unit is made up of _____
bytes;the
value of TU-PTR is No._______ bits of
______
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bytes. One opportunity adjustment
unit TRAINING
for
7 Among the SDH transmission network, the
basic
unit which can be used to transmit,
multiplex
and cross-connect is ______. For OptiX TM
serial equipment, these units are
____,____,____,____ and ____.
8 The frame structure of STM-1 is _______;
frame structure of AU-4 is ______.Frame
structure of VC-4 is ______;frame
structure
of AU-3 is______,frame structure of VC-3
is
_____;frame structure of TU-12 is ______.
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2.
1
2
Select the proper answers:
Which one has higher bandwidth utilization ratio:
A SDH
B PDH
Which can be used for synchronous transmission,
concentrated network management and has high selfhealing ability:
A SDH
B PDH
In order to achieve high synchronization for SDH
network, we use:
A byte interleaved multiplexing
B pointer adjustment
C asynchronous transmission
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True or false:
1 SDH system can incorporate three serials of PDH syst
sys
and other digital signals such as ATM into VC-4. ( )
2 The frame frequency of STM-N, VC-12, VC-3 and VC-4
are the same, it is 8000F/s. ( )
3 Each byte within STM-N signals has an equivalent
transmission speed of 64Kb/s. ( )
4 We can directly drop 2.048Mb/s signals from SDH
signals. ( )
5 One STM-1 can hold 64 2.048Mb/s signals. ( )
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4 Answer the questions briefly:
1 Why SDH system has a lower bandwidth utilization ratio
compared to PDH system?
2 As for the tributary services, which are called lowerorder path services and which are higher-order service
3 For a SDH network, if we want to use order-wire teleph
between any two stations, can we use E2 byte? Give the
reasons to support yourself.
4 State the monitoring mechanism of B1,B2,B3 and V5 byte
What are the alarms or performance events concerned wi
w
these bytes?
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