Components of a DBMS
Programmers
Users
DBA
Application
Programs
Queries
Database
Schema
DML
preprocessor
Query
processor
DDL
compiler
Program
object code
Database
manager
Dictionary
manager
Access
methods
File
manager
System
buffers
Database and
system catalog
DBMS
Components of Database Manager
Authorization
control
Integrity
checker
Command
processor
Query
optimizer
Transaction
manager
Scheduler
Buffer
manager
Recovery
manager
Data
Manager
Conceptual Database Design
The process of constructing a model of the
information used in an enterprise, independent of all
physical considerations
Logical Database Design
The process of constructing a model of the
information used in an enterprise based on a specific
data model, but independent of a particular DBMS and
other physical considerations.
Physical Database Design
The process of producing a description of the
implementation of the database on secondary storage;
it describes the storage structures and access
methods used to archieve efficient access to the data
DML
SELECT
INSERT
UPDATE
DELETE
DDL
CREATE(DROP) SCHEMA
CREATE(ALTER, DROP) DOMAIN
CREATE(ALTER, DROP) TABLE
CREATE(DROP) VIEW
CREATE(DROP) INDEX
Part 2. Understanding Oracle Database
Overview of oracle Database Architecture
Memory Structure
Process Structure
Storage Structure
New Features
Overview of Oracle Architecture
PMON
SMON
D000
RECO
S000
Redo Log
Buffer
SGA
Shared SQL Area
P000
Database Buffer Cashe
* Total SGA Size :
1700 Mbyte
* Fixed Size :
70 Kbyte
* Variavle Size :
490 MByte
TL-812
4,000,000 KByte
Server
1,200,000 KByte
DBW0
CKPT
Data File
Raw Device
USER
2,100 KByte
LGWR
ARCH
Archive Log Mode(50M)
Memory Structure : Shared Pool
Shared Pool
Library Cache
Dictionary
Cache
Shared
SQL Area
PL/SQL Procedures
and Package
Control Structures
for examples;
Locks
Library
Cache handles
and so on ...
Control Structures
for example:
Character Set
Conversion
Memory
Network Security
Attributes
and so on ..
Reusable
Runtime
Memory
Shared Pool Contents
- Text of the SQL or PL/SQL statement
- Parsed form of the SQL or PL/SQL statement
- Execution plan for the SQL or PL/SQL
statements
- Data dictionary cache containing rows of data
dictionary information
Library Cache
- shared SQL area
- private SQL area
- PL/SQL procedures and package
- control structures : lock and library cache handles
Dictionary Cache
- names of all tables and views in the database
- names and datatypes of columns in database tables
- privileges of all Oracle users
SHARED_POOL_SIZE
Memory Structure :Database Buffer
Cache
Database Buffer Cache holds copies of data blocks read from disk
All users concurrently connected to the system share access to the buffer cache
Dirty List
LRU List
Size = DB_BLOCK_SIZE * DB_BLOCK_BUFFERS
SGA
Shared Pool
Shared SQL
Area
Database Buffer Cache
Memory Structure :Redo Log Buffer
Circular buffer containing information about changes made to the database
save it redo entry
Redo Entries is used when Database Recovery
DBWR write contents of Redo Log Buffer to Online Redo Log
LOG_BUFFER
change vector #1
redo record
change vector #1
change vector #1
Oracle Processes
SNPn
SMON
PMON
Pnnn
RECO
SGA
Database Buffer Cache
Snnn
Redo Log
Buffer
Offline
Storage
Device
Dedicated
Server
Process
DBWR
Dnnn
LCK0
User
Process
LGWR
ARCH
CKPT
Control
Files
Users
Data
Files
Redo Log
Files
Background Process
DBWR
(Database Writer)
- write all dirty buffers to datafiles
- Use a LRU algorithm to keep most recently used blocks in memory
- Defers write for I/O optimization
dirty list reaches a threshold length
A process scnas a specifed number of buffer in the LRU without finding free buffer
A time-out occurs
DBWR checkpoint occurs
LGWR
(Log Writer)
- writes redo log entries to disk
Commit occurs
The redo log buffers pool becomes one-third full
DBWR completes cleaning the buffer blocks at a checkpoint
LGWR time-out
- A commit confirmation is not issued until the tx has been recorded in the rego
log file
Contd
PMON
(Process Monitor)
- Cleans up abnormally terminated connection
- Rolls back uncommited transactions
- Releases locks held by a terminated process
- Frees SGA resources allocated to the failed processes
- Database maintenance
SMON
(System Monitor)
- Performs automatic instance recovery
- Reclaims space used by temporary segments no longer in use
- Merges contiguous area of free space in the datafile
Contd
CKPT (Check
Point)
- is enabled by setting the parameter CHECKPOINT_PROCESS=TRUE
- If enabled, take over LGWRs task of updating files at a checkpoint
- Updates header of datafiles and control files at the end of checkpoint
- More frequent checkpoint reduce recovery time from instance failure
- CKPT improve the performance of database with many database files
ARCH
(Archiver)
- Copies redo log files to tape or disk for media failure
- Operates only when a log switch occurs
- Is optional and is only needed when in ARCHIVELOG mode
- May write to a tape drive or to a disk
LCKn
(Lock), Dnnn (Dispatcher), Snnn (Server),
RECO (Recover), Pnnn(Parallel), SNPn(Job Queue),
QMNn(Queue Monitor),
Server/User Process
User Processes
- A user process is used when a user runs an application program
- Runs the tool/application and is considered the client
- Passes SQL to the server process and receives the results
Server Processes
- A server process must place the data in the database buffer cache
- Parce and execute SQL statements
- Read data blocks from disk into the shred database buffers of the SGA
- Return the results of SQL statements to the user process
Parse : check syntax, security access, object resolution, optimization
Execute : applies the parse tree to the data, perform a physical read and
change
Fetch : Passes data to the user (only SELECT)
Oracle Files
Datafile
Redo Log Files
Control Files
Parameter File
Archive File
Log File (alert*.log, sqlnet.log, listener.log...)
Trace File
Storage Architecture
Physical storage structures
Data files
Segments
Extents
Blocks
Logical storage structures
Tablespaces
Tables / Clusters / Indexes
Rows
Columns
Physical Storage Architecture
Relationship among Segments, Extents, and Blocks
Segment
96K
Extent
Extent
24K
72K
2K
2K
2K
2K
2K
2K
2K
2K
2K
2K
2K
2K
2K
2K
2K
2K
2K
2K
2K
2K
2K
2K
2K
2K
2K
2K
2K
2K
2K
2K
Database Blocks
2K
2K
2K
2K
2K
2K
2K
2K
2K
2K
2K
2K
Logical Storage Architecture
Relationship between tablespaces and datafiles
Database
System Tablespace
DATA1.ORA
DATA2.ORA
USER Tablespace
DATA3.ORA
Contd
Objects stored in tablespaces
Tablespace (one or more datafiles)
Table
INDEX
INDEX
Table
INDEX
INDEX
INDEX
INDEX
INDEX
INDEX
INDEX
INDEX
Table
Database Files
Objects
(Physical structures associated
with only one tablespace)
(stored in tablespace may
span serveral datafiles)
Block
Header
Table Dictionary
Row Dictionary
Free Space
General Block Information
(Block add, Segment type)
85 ~ 100 bytes
Table info in Cluster
Row info in Block
(2 byte per row)
Row Data
using when New Row
Insert or Update
(pctfree, pctused)
Table or Index Data
PCTFREE / PCTUSED
PCTFREE
PCTFREE
PCTUSED
PCTUSED
20% Free space
61% Free space
PCTUSED = 40
PCTFREE = 20
Insert new row until 80%
20% use when Update
Can insert new row when below 60%
When Usage is below 40% (61% Free
space), block is listed in FREELIST
Extent
A set
of contiguous database blocks within a datafile.
Extent
are allocated when.
- The segment is created (INITIAL EXTENT)
- The segments grows (NEXT EXTENT)
- The table is altered to allocate extents.
Extent
are de-allocated when the
- The segment is dropped and truncated.
- The segment is larger than optimal and contains free extents
(for rollback segments only)
Each
segment is created with at least on extend( initial extent )
( Rollback segment : 2)
ALTER TABLE
table_name DEALLOCATE UNUSED
Segment
a set of one or more extents that contains all the data for a specific type of logical storage
structure within a tablespace
Data Segment
- A collection of extents that holds all of the data for a table or a cluster
Index Segment
- A collection of extents that holds all of the index data for search optimization on large tables
and clusters
Rollback Segment
- A collection of extents that holds rollback data for rollback, read-consistency, or recovery
Temporary segment
- A collection of extents that holds data belonging to temporary tables created during a sort
operation
Bootstrap segment
- An extent that contains dictionary definitions for dictionary tables to be loaded when the
database is opened.
