Introduction to MATLAB

[Link]

MATLAB Overview

What is MATLAB?
History of MATLAB

Who developed MATLAB

Why MATLAB was developed

Who currently maintains MATLAB

Strengths of MATLAB

Weaknesses of MATLAB
[Link]

What is MATLAB?

Matlab = Matrix laboratory

problem-solving environment

Designed

for

computations, esp.

convenient

numerical

matrix manipulation,

but also DEs, stats, and graphics

Developed by Cleve Moler in 1970s as a

teaching tool
[Link]

MATLAB
MATLAB is a program for doing numerical computation.

It was originally designed for solving linear algebra

type problems using matrices.

Its name is derived

from MATrix LABoratory.

MATLAB has since been expanded and now has built-in

functions for solving problems requiring data analysis,

signal processing, optimization, and several other
types of scientific computations.

It also contains

functions for 2-D and 3-D graphics and animation.

[Link]

What is MATLAB?

Originally FORTRAN; now C++/Java

Can call external C/FORTRAN routines

Interpreted

Customized graphical-user-interface
building

Has many specialized functions (Toolboxes)

[Link]

WHY MATLAB

Ease of use

Rapid prototyping/debugging of
sophisticated code

Can be used interactively

(scratchpad) or from scripts

[Link]

HISTROY OF MATLAB

MATLAB gained popularity primarily

through word of mouth because it was
not officially distributed

In the 1980s, MATLAB was rewritten in

C with more functionality (such as
plotting routines)
[Link]

CONTI
The Mathworks, Inc. was created in 1984
The Mathworks is now responsible for

development, sale, and support for MATLAB

The Mathworks is located in Natick, MA
The Mathworks is an employer that hires

co-ops through our co-op program

[Link]

STRENGTH OF MATLAB
MATLAB is relatively easy to learn
MATLAB code is optimized to be relatively quick

when performing matrix operations

MATLAB may behave like a calculator or as a

programming language
MATLAB is interpreted, errors are easier to fix
Although primarily procedural, MATLAB does have

some object-oriented elements

[Link]

WEAKNESS OF MATLAB
MATLAB is NOT a general purpose programming

language
MATLAB is an interpreted language (making it for

the most part slower than a compiled language

such as C++)
MATLAB is designed for scientific computation

and is not suitable for some things (such as

parsing text)
[Link]

MATLAB GUI
Launch Pad / Toolbox
Workspace
Current Directory
Command History
Command Window
[Link]

WORKSPACE
Allows access to data
Area of memory managed through the

Command Window
Shows Name, Size (in elements),

Number of Bytes and Type of Variable

[Link]

LAUNCH PAD / TOOL

Will not be covered
Launch Pad allows you to start

help/demos
Toolbox is for use with specialized

packages (Signal Processing)

[Link]

CURRENT DIRECTORY
MATLAB, like Windows or UNIX, has a

current directory

MATLAB functions can be called from

any directory

Your programs (to be discussed later)

are only available if the current directory

is the one that they exist in
[Link]

COMMAND HISTROY
Allows access to the commands used

during this session, and possibly previous

sessions

Clicking and dragging to the Command

window allows you to re-execute previous

commands
[Link]

COMMAND WINDOW
Probably the most important part of the

GUI
Allows you to input the commands that

will create variables, modify variables

and even (later) execute scripts and
functions you program yourself.
[Link]

SIMPLE COMMANDS
who
whos
save
clear
load
[Link]

WHO
who lists the variables currently in the

workspace.
As we learn more about the data

structures available in MATLAB, we will see

more uses of who

[Link]

WHOS
whos is similar to who, but also gives size and

storage information
s = whos(...) returns a structure with these

fields name variable name size variable size

bytes number of bytes allocated for the array
class class of variable and assigns it to the
variable s. (We will discuss structures more).
[Link]

SAVE
save saves workspace variables on disk
save filename stores all workspace variables

in the current directory in [Link]

save filename var1 var2 ... saves only the

specified
workspace
variables
in
[Link]. Use the * wildcard to save
only those variables that match the specified
pattern.
[Link]

CLEAR
clear removes items from workspace,

freeing up system memory

Examples of syntax:
clear
clear

name
clear name1 name2 name3 ...

[Link]

LOAD
load - loads workspace variables from

disk
Examples of Syntax:
load
load

filename
load filename X Y Z

[Link]

MATLAB FUNCTION
Functions are similar to scripts
Functions may take arguments
Functions may return one or more values

[Link]

CONTI

Example function
function [output] = square(input)
output = input*input;
Body of functions can contain code just like
scripts could

[Link]

MATH FUNCTION
Elementary functions (sin, cos, sqrt, abs,

exp, log10, round)

type

help elfun

Advanced functions (bessel, beta,

gamma, erf)
help specfun
type help elmat
type

[Link]

GRAPH FUNCTIONS
plot linear plot
stem discrete plot
grid add grid lines
xlabel add X-axis label
ylabel add Y-axis label
title add graph title
subplot divide figure window
figure create new figure window
pause wait for user response
[Link]

GETTING HELP
Using the Help Browser (.html, .pdf)
View [Link], [Link], using_ml.pdf

Type
help
help function, e.g. help plot
Running demos
type demos
type help demos
[Link]

ARITHMATIC OPERATIONS
1) plus
- Plus
+
2) uplus
- Unary plus
+
3) minus
- Minus
4) uminus
- Unary minus
5) mtimes
- Matrix multiply
*
6) times
- Array multiply
.*
7) mpower
- Matrix power
^
8) power
- Array power
.^
9) mldivide - Backslash or left matrix divide
10) mrdivide - Slash or right matrix divide
11) ldivide - Left array divide
.\
12) rdivide - Right array divide
./
[Link]

\
/

RELATIONAL OPERATIONS
1) eq

- Equal
- Not equal

==

2)

ne

3)

lt

4)

gt

- Greater than

>

5)

le

- Less than or equal

<=

6)

ge

- Less than

[Link]
- Greater
than or equal

~=
<

>=

LOGICAL OPERATORS
1)Short-circuit logical AND
&&
2)Short-circuit logical OR
||
3) and
- Element-wise logical AND

or
not
xor
any
nonzero
8) all
nonzero
4)
5)
6)
7)

- Element-wise logical OR
|
- Logical NOT
~
- Logical EXCLUSIVE OR
- True if any element of vector is
- True if all elements of vector are
[Link]

&

BITWISE OPERATORS
1) bitand
2)
bitcmp
3)
bitor
4)
bitmax
5)
6)
7)
8)

- Bit-wise AND.
- Complement bits.
- Bit-wise OR.
- Maximum floating point
integer.
bitxor
- Bit-wise XOR.
bitset
- Set bit.
bitget
- Get bit.
bitshift - Bit-wise shift.
[Link]

COMMAND SYNTAX

MATLAB is case-sensitive. All built-in commands are

in lower case. A command normally terminates with a

carriage return. Including a semicolon (;) at the end

of

a command suppresses MATLABs echoing to the

terminal (this is useful when dealing with large sets of

numbers.)

[Link]

FILE I/0
fopen
fclose
fprintf
fgetl / fgets

[Link]

VECTORS & matrix

A = [5,8,2,3,2,4,7,2,8,9,8,3,0,3] ;
S=[3,8,9;2,7,7;4,9,0];

[Link]

Save and load variable

A=5;
save A A;
load A
B=1;
C=A+B;
disp(C);

[Link]

graph
Clc
close all
clear all
t=0:0.25:7;
y = sin(t);
plot(t,y,'r--') ;
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Frequency');
title('sin wave');
grid on;
gtext('X axis 1 cm = 1');
gtext('Y axis 1 cm = 0.2');
legend('contious sinwave');
print -djpeg075 [Link]
[Link]

IF LOOP
a=5;
if a > 6
disp('a is greater');
elseif a==0
disp('a is zero');
else
disp('a is smaller');
end
[Link]

FOR LOOP
a=5;
for i=1:5
a=a+1
end
disp(a);
ANS a =10
[Link]

While Loop
a=5;
while a < 10
a=a+1;
end
disp(a);

Ans a =10

[Link]

Function
function c=add(a,b);
c=a+b;
return

function c=mul(a,b);
c=a*b;
return

Main
a=5;
b=6;
c=add(a,b);
disp(c);
d=mul(a,b);
disp(d);
[Link]

Sample Program
load noissin;
figure;
plot(noissin);
figure;
c=cwt(noissin,[Link],'db4','plot');

[Link]

Signal generation
t=0:0.01:4;
x=sin(2*pi*t);
x=cos(2*pi*t);
figure;
plot(t,x);
axis([0 2 -1 1]);
xlabel('Time (sec)');
ylabel('amplitude (Volt)');
figure;
tem(t,x);
xis([0 5 -1 1]);
xlabel('Time (sec)');
ylabel('amplitude (Volt)');
[Link]

Exponential sequence
n=input('enter the length of exponential sequence =');
t=0:n;
a=input('Enter a value =');
y=exp(a*t);
figure;
stem(t,y);
axis([0 4 0 10]);
xlabel('Time (sec)');
ylabel('Amplitude (volt)');
title('Exponential Signal');
[Link]

Ramp Sequence
n=input('Enter the length of sequence=');
t=0:n;
figure;
stem(t,t);
xlabel('samples (n)-->');
ylabel('Amplitude (volt)');
title('Ramp Sequence');

[Link]

Unit Step Sequence

n=input('Enter the length of sequence =');
t=1:n;
y=ones(1,n);
stem(t,y);
xlabel('samples (n)-->');
ylabel('Amplitude (volt)');
title('Unit Step Sequence');

[Link]

Unit Impulse Sequence

n=input('Enter the length of sequence =');
t= -n:1:n;
y=[zeros(1,n),ones(1,1),zeros(1,n)];
stem(t,y);
xlabel('samples (n)-->');
ylabel('Amplitude (volt)');
title('Unit Impulse Sequence');

[Link]

Signal with noise

t = (0:0.001:1)';
y = sin(2*pi*50*t) + 2*sin(2*pi*120*t);
randn('state',0);
yn = y + 2*randn(size(t));
plot(t(1:50),yn(1:50));

[Link]

Sawtooth waveform
t=0:.001:1;
x=sawtooth(2*pi*50*t);
plot(t,x);
axis([0 .2 -1 1]);

[Link]

Square waveform
t=0:.01:10
x=square(t,15);
plot(t,x);

[Link]

Triangular waveform
t=-3:.1:3
y=tripuls(t);
plot(t,y);

[Link]

Rectangular waveform
t=-3:.1:3;
y=2*rectpuls(t);
plot(t,y);
axis([-3 3 0 3]);

[Link]

How to read an image

a =imread('[Link]');
imshow(a);
pixval on;

a =imread('[Link]');
imshow(a);
pixval on;

[Link]

How to read an audio file

a =wavread ('[Link]');
wavplay(a,44100);
Plot(a);

[Link]

How to read an video file

a=aviread('[Link]');
movie(a);

[Link]

Add two images

I = imread([Link]');
J = imread('[Link]');
K = imadd(I,J);
imshow(K,[])

I = imread('[Link]');
J = imadd(I,50);
subplot(1,2,1), imshow(I)
subplot(1,2,2), imshow(J)

[Link]

Subtract two images

I = imread('[Link]');
Iq = imsubtract(I,50);
subplot(1,2,1), imshow(I)
subplot(1,2,2), imshow(Iq)

[Link]

Convert image to gray and binary

clc;
clear;
close all
a= imread('[Link]');
subplot(2,2,1);
imshow(a);
subplot(2,2,2);
b=imresize(a,[256 256]);
imshow(b);
subplot(2,2,3);
c=rgb2gray(b);
imshow(c);
subplot(2,2,4);
d=im2bw(c);
imshow(d);
[Link]

RGB component
a=imread('[Link]');
subplot(2,2,1);
imshow(a);
[r c p]=size(a)
R=a;
G=a;
B=a;
R(:,:,2:3)=0;
subplot(2,2,2);
imshow(R);
G(:,:,1)=0;
G(:,:,3)=0;
subplot(2,2,3);
imshow(G);
B(:,:,1)=0;
B(:,:,2)=0;
subplot(2,2,4);
imshow(B);
[Link]

Convert Image into One dimensional

a = imread('[Link]');
[r c]=size(a);
Len=r*c;
b=reshape(a,[1 Len]);
[Link]

CONVER MOVIE TO FRAMES

file=aviinfo('[Link]');

% to get inforamtaion abt video

file
frm_cnt=[Link]

% [Link] frames in the video file

str2='.bmp'
h = waitbar(0,'Please wait...');
for i=1:frm_cnt
frm(i)=aviread(filename,i); % read the Video file
frm_name=frame2im(frm(i)); % Convert Frame to image file
frm_name=rgb2gray(frm_name);%convert gray
filename1=strcat(strcat(num2str(i)),str2);
imwrite(frm_name,filename1);
waitbar(i/frm_cnt,h)

% Write image file

[Link]

CONVERT FRAMES TO MOVIES

frm_cnt=5;
number_of_frames=frm_cnt;
filetype='.bmp';
display_time_of_frame=1;
mov = avifile('[Link]');
count=0;
for i=1:number_of_frames
name1=strcat(num2str(i),filetype);
a=imread(name1);
while count<display_time_of_frame
count=count+1;
imshow(a);
F=getframe(gca);
mov=addframe(mov,F);
end
count=0;
end
mov=close(mov);

[Link]

How to read a text file

fid = fopen('[Link]','r');
ice1= fread(fid);
s = char(ice1');
fclose(fid);
disp(s);
Ans hello

[Link]

How to write a text file

txt=[65 67 68 69];
fid = fopen('[Link]','wb');
fwrite(fid,char(txt),'char');
fclose(fid);
ANS =ACDE

[Link]

Store an Image,Audio
a =imread('[Link]');
imwrite(a,'[Link]');
a=wavread('[Link]');
wavwrite(d,44100,16,'[Link]');

[Link]

SAVE AND LOAD THE VARIABLE

A=5;
save A A;
load A
B=1;
C=A+B;
disp(C);
[Link]

NOISE AND FILTER

I = imread('[Link]');
J = imnoise(I,'salt & pepper',0.02);
K = medfilt2(J);
subplot(1,2,1);imshow(J)
subplot(1,2,2);imshow(K)

[Link]

M FILE & FUNCTION

CREATION
[Link]

There are four ways of doing code in

Matlab

terminal window
script M-file
function M-file
.mex files

[Link]

Terminal window

This method of doing calculations is

good for short.
one-time-only
calculations
or
for
calculations where one does not wish to
change any parameters.

[Link]

M file window

If we wish to execute repeatedly some

set of commands, and possibly change
input parameters as well, then one
should create a script M-file
A MATLAB script file is called as M-file.
The file is saved with the extension ".m".
When the file is run", the script is
carried out.
[Link]

Block Diagram of MATLAB

Series
of
Matlab
comma
nds

Matlab

Command
Dat
m-files
mat-files
Line
a
Command
sto
execution
Input functions
rag
like
DOS
Output
e/
command
loa
capabil
window
[Link]
din
ity

Function M file window

Most of the M-file that one ultimately

uses will be function M-file
These files again have the .m"
extension.
Function files have input and output
arguments.

[Link]

Conti

The syntax
definition is:

for

MATLAB

function

function [val1, , valn] = myfunc (arg1,

, argk)
where val1 through valn are the specified
returned values from the function.
arg1 through argk are the values sent to
the function.

[Link]

Conti

The word function appears at the start of

the file, and in lower case letters.
Function files are normally used to
combine functions in Matlab to get new
functions.
If it is not, the directory must be
changed before calling the function.

[Link]

Conti..

If MATLAB cannot find the function or its

syntax does not match the function call,
an error message will appear.
Failure to change directories often
results in the error message:

Undefined function or improper matrix

assignment

[Link]

Conti..

When the function file is not in the

current working directory, a cd or chdir
command may be issued to change the
directory.

cd E:\ OR
chdir E:\.

[Link]

IMAGE PROCESSING
[Link]

What is an Image

An image is an array, or a matrix, of

square pixels (picture elements)
arranged in columns and rows.

[Link]

Types of image

Black & white

Grayscale
RGB or Color image

[Link]

Image format

JPEG (Joint Pictures Expert Group)

GIF (Graphic Interchange Format)
TIFF (Tagged Image File Format)
PNG (Portable Network Graphics)
JPEG2000
BMP(Windows Bitmap)

[Link]

Binary or Black & White Image

Binary: Each pixel

is just black or
white. Since there
are
only
two
possible
values
for
each
pixel
(0,1), we only
need one bit per
pixel.
[Link]

Grayscale Image

Each pixel is a
shade of gray,
normally from 0
(black) to 255
(white).
This range means
that each pixel
can
be
represented
by
eight
bits,
or
[Link]
exactly one byte.

Color or RGB Image

Each pixel has a particular

color; that color is described
by the amount of red, green
and blue in it.
If each of these components
has a range 0255, this gives
a total of 2563 different
possible colors. Such an
image is a stack of three
matrices; representing the
red, green and blue values
for each pixel.
This means that for every
pixel there correspond 3
values.
[Link]

Conti

The secondary colors of

RGB cyan, magenta, and
yellow are formed by
mixing two of the primary
colors (red, green or blue)
and excluding the third
color.
Red and green combine to
make yellow, green and
blue to make cyan, and blue
and red form magenta.
The combination of red,
green, and blue in full
intensity makes white.
[Link]

Rotate image
a=imread([Link])
figure
imshow(a)
b=imrotate(a,45)
figure
imshow(b)

[Link]

Resize image
a=imread([Link])
figure
imshow(a)
b=imresize(a,10)
figure
imshow(b)

[Link]

Cropping an image
a=imread([Link])
figure
imshow(a)
b=imcrop(a,[10 20 30 40])
figure
imshow(b)

[Link]

Complement image
z=imread([Link])
figure
imshow(z)
g=imcomplement(z)
figure
imshow(g)

[Link]

Histogram an image
a=imread([Link])
figure
imhow(a)
j=histeq(a)
figure
imshow(j)

[Link]

IMTOOL

Image Display tool for performing basic

image processing task
The tools are,
Pixel region tool, Distance tool, Adjust
contrast, Crop tool, Image information

Example
imtool([Link]);
[Link]

Indexed Image

The syntax are ,

[X map]= rgb2ind(rgb,n);
[X map]=gray2ind(gray,n);
It gives pixel intensities and color map
values. n is size of color map.
It is used to increase the color resolution
of image.
rgb=ind2rgb(X,map);
gray=ind2gray(X,map);
[Link]

RGB->Indexed and gray->indexed

a = imread([Link]);
[x map]=rgb2ind(a, 10);
figure;
imshow(x,map);
b=imread([Link]);
[x1 map1]=gray2ind(b,50);
figure;
imshow(x1,map1);
[Link]

Color space conversions

Three color models :
HSV
YCbCr
YIQ
Computer display screen depth
>>get(0,ScreenDepth);

[Link]

Example
rgb=imread([Link]);
hsv=rgb2hsv(rgb);
figure;
imshow(hsv);
Yc=rgb2ycbcr(rgb);
Yi=rgb2ntsc(rgb);
figure; imshow(Yc);
figure; imshow(Yi);
[Link]

Image Enhancement
a=imread([Link]);
figure; subplot(2,1,1); imshow(a);
subplot(2,1,2); imhist(a);
b=imadjust(a);
figure; subplot(2,1,1); imshow(b);
subplot(2,1,2); imhist(b);
c=histeq(a);
figure; subplot(2,1,1); imshow(c);
subplot(2,1,2); imhist(c);
d=adapthisteq(a);
figure; subplot(2,1,1); imshow(d);
[Link]
subplot(2,1,2); imhist(d);

OVERVIEW
REGION OF INTEREST
DEBLURRING
EDGE DETECTION

[Link]

Region of Interest
a=imread([Link]);
Figure;imshow(b);
b=roipoly(a);
figure;
imshow(b);
[r c]=find(b==1);
xmin=min(r);xmax=max(r);
ymin=min(c);ymax=max(c);
D=a(xmin:xmax,ymin:ymax);
Figure;imshow(d);[Link]

Roipoly Example
a=imread([Link]);
figure;imshow(a);
b=roipoly(a);
loc=find(b==1); loc1=find(b ~= 1);
pri=zeros(r,c); pri(loc)=a(loc);
sec=zeros(r,c); sec(loc1)=a(loc1);
figure;
imshow(pri,[]);
figure;
imshow(sec,[]); [Link]

Roicolor example
a=imread([Link]);
Figure(1);
imshow(a);
b=roicolor(a,170,210);
Figure(2);
imshow(b);

[Link]

Roifill Example
a=imread([Link]);
figure(1);
Imshow(a);
bw=roipoly(a);
c=roifill(a,bw);
figure(2);
Imshow(c);

[Link]

Roifilter example
a=imread([Link]);
figure(1);
Imshow(a);
bw=roipoly(a);
F=fspecial(unsharp);
Out=roifilt2(F,a,bw);
figure(2);
Imshow(Out);
[Link]

Blurring effect on image

a=imread([Link]);
figure(1); imshow(a);
H = fspecial('motion',20,45)
Blurred =imfilter(a,H,circular);
figure(2);
imshow(Blurred);
title('Motion Blurred Image');

[Link]

Deblurring
a=imread([Link]);
figure(1); imshow(a);
H = fspecial('motion',20,45)
Blurred =imfilter(a,H,circular);
figure(2);
imshow(Blurred);
title('Motion Blurred Image');
De=deconvwnr(Blurred,H);
figure(3);
[Link]
Imshow(De);

Image analysis
a=imread([Link]);
figure(1); imshow(a);
P=impixel(a);
disp(P);
a=imread([Link]);
Figure(1); imshow(a);
b=improfile;
Disp(b);
a=imread([Link]);
imcontour(a,2);
title(Contour plot); [Link]

IMAGE PROCESSING
TECHNOLGIES &
APPLICATIONS

[Link]

Digital Image
Processing?...

An image can be defined as a two-dimensional

signal (analog or digital), that contains
intensity (grayscale), or color information
arranged along an x and y spatial axis.
Histogram, Co-Variance, Mean, Standard
Deviation these are all the some basic
calculation
process
in
Digital
Image
Processing.
Classification,
Resizing,
Extraction,
Recognition these are all the some basic
Process.
[Link]

Current Trends in Digital Image

Processing in Different Applications
Technologies
Compression
Steganography

Applications
Transmission & Storage
Secret Communications

Watermarking

Copyright Protection

Segmentation

Medical & Image Classifications

Image Retrieval

Web Applications

Recognition
Fusion
De-noising

Authentication
Medical & Satellite
Digital Cameras & Video codec
[Link]

Compression

The Process to remove the Redundancy (Duplication) in Image

Types of Compression

Lossless Compression
Data

can be completely recovered after decompression

Recovered

Lossy Compression
Data

cannot be completely recovered after decompression

Some

data is identical to original

information is lost for ever

Applications

All Multimedia Equipments such as Mobiles, DVD Players, TV, PC,

etc..,
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Compression Block Diagram

B
I

Input Image
Quantization
Entropy Encoding T
S
T
R
E
Reconstructed
De-quantization Decoding
A
Image
M
S

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Steganography

Hiding a Secret data in Digital Images without affecting the

quality of Medium.

This image is called as StegoImage.

Original Image

Stego Image

Application

Send secret communication

like Military applications
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Steganography Block Diagram

Original
Image

Preproces
s

Original
Image

Embeddin
g in Image

Stegoimag
e

Secret
Data

Extraction
from
Stegoimage

Secret
Data
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Watermarking

Water Marking Embed the secret image in an image or

any type of multimedia data.

We should hide the image without changing original

image quality.

Water marking is used only for copyright protection.

Types of Water Marking

Visible & Invisible

Applications

In telebroadcasting & web applications

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Watermarking Block Diagram

Input Image

Copyright Image

DWT

Key

Embedding Process

Water Marked Image

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Watermarking Extraction

Copyright Image

Water Marked Image

IDWT

Key

Extraction Process

Copyright output Image

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Segmentation

Segmentation refers to the process of partitioning a digital image into

multiple regions (sets of pixels).

The goal of segmentation is to simplify and/or change the representation

of an image into something that is more meaningful and easier to
analyze.

Each of the pixels in a region are similar with respect to some

characteristic or computed property, such as color, intensity, or texture.

Applications
In

Medical applications to find brain tumor, cancer detection & classify

the images in different domains

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Image Retrieval

Image retrieval techniques are useful in many imageprocessing applications.

In Image retrieval systems so many techniques are there.

Color Histogram based IR

Metadata based IR

Shape based IR

Applications

In web & medical applications to search particular image

form large database
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Fusion

Image Fusion is the process of combining relevant

information from two or more images into a single image.

The fused image should have more complete information

which is more useful for human or machine perception.

The resulting image will be more informative than any of

the input images.

Applications

Where we need the high information images in that

places like Medical & Satellite etc..,
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Basic Diagram of Image Fusion

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Simulation &
Implementation

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Simulation Result for

Steganography

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Original Image & StegoImage

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Fusion for Medical Application

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Fusion

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Simulation Result for Image

Retrieval

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Searching Process

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Input Video

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Compressed Video

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[Link]

TRANSFORMATION

Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT)

Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT)

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Discrete Cosine Transform

The DCT is similar to the DFT since it

decomposes a signal into a series of
harmonic cosine functions.
It is sum of cosine function at different
frequency.
Cosine function are much more effective
compared to sine function.
It is dependent on time or frequency.
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Conti..

Here It separates the Image to number of

blocks.
In these blocks first block has the low frequency
information.
We can see clear information in low frequency
sub band
DC

w
lo

horizontal edges

[Link]

fr

cy
n
ue
q
e

vertical edges

le c y
d
i d u en
m eq
fr

Conti

The 2-D DCT and its inverse (IDCT) of an

N x N block are shown below:

2-D-DCT
N 1 N 1
2
(2 x 1)u
(2 y 1)v
F (u , v) C (u )C (v) f ( x, y ) cos[
] cos[
]
N
2N
2N
y 0 x 0

2-D-IDCT
2
f ( x, y )
N

(2 x 1)u
(2 y 1)v
C (u )C (v) F (u, v) cos[
] cos[
]

2N
2N
v 0 u 0
N 1 N 1

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Conti

One disadvantage of DCT has blocking

artifacts, due to Zigzag error during
reconstruction of image.
Itll overcome by wavelet transform.

[Link]

Conti
a=imread('[Link]
f');
subplot(1,3,1);
imshow(a,[]);
title(Input image)
b=dct2(a);
subplot(1,3,2);
imshow(b,[]);
title('DCT');
c=idct2(b);
subplot(1,3,3);
imshow(c,[]);

[Link]

Discrete Wavelet Transform

It has higher compression ratios avoid

blocking artifacts.
It is convert spatial domain to frequency
domain.
It is a type of signal representation that
can give the frequency content of the
signal at a particular instant of time or
spatial location.

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Conti

Allows good localization both in time and

spatial frequency domain.
It has more efficiency compare with DCT.

[Link]

DWT Calculation Procedure

Even + odd

Even + odd

Even odd

Image

Even - odd

HL

Even + odd

LL

LH

Even odd

[Link]

HH

Conti..
a=imread('[Link]')
;
[LL LH HL
HH]=dwt2(a,'haar');
Dec=[...
LL,LH
HL,HH
...
];
imshow(Dec,[]);
[Link]

GUI

[Link]

DIALOG BOX
warndlg('hello');

helpdlg('hello');

msgbox('hello');

[Link]

errordlg('hello');

ButtonName=questdlg('What is your wish?', ...

'Genie Question', ...
'Food','Clothing','Money','Money');

switch ButtonName,
case 'Food',
disp('Food is delivered');
case 'Clothing',
disp('The Emperor''s new clothes have arrived.')
case 'Money',
disp('A ton of money falls out the sky.');
end % switch

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USER INTERFACE GET FILE

[filename, pathname] = uigetfile('*.m', 'Pick an
M-file');
if isequal(filename,0) | isequal(pathname,0)
disp('User pressed cancel')
else
disp(['User selected ', fullfile(pathname,
filename)])
end

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USER INTERFACE PUT FILE

[filename, pathname] = uiputfile('*.m', 'Pick an M-file');
if isequal(filename,0) | isequal(pathname,0)
disp('User pressed cancel')
else
disp(['User selected ', fullfile(pathname, filename)])
end

[Link]

GUI

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GET IMAGE FILE

function pushbutton1_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)

% hObject

% eventdata reserved - to be defined in a future version of MATLAB

% handles

[filename, pathname] = uigetfile('*.jpg', 'Pick an Image');

handle to pushbutton1 (see GCBO)

structure with handles and user data (see GUIDATA)

if isequal(filename,0) | isequal(pathname,0)

warndlg('User pressed cancel')

else

M1 = imread( filename);

handles.M1 = M1;

axes(handles.axes1);

imshow(M1);

handles.filename1=filename;

%Update handles structure

guidata(hObject, handles);

end

[Link]

GUI

[Link]

MENU BAR

[Link]

PUSH BUTTON

[Link]

TOGGLE BUTTON

[Link]

RADIO BUTTON

[Link]

CHECKBOX

[Link]

EDIT TEXT

[Link]

STATIC TEXT

[Link]

SLIDER

[Link]

FRAME

[Link]

LISTBOX

[Link]

POPUP MENU

[Link]

AXES

[Link]

ALIGN OBJECTS

[Link]

MENU EDITOR

[Link]

M FILE EDITOR

[Link]

PROPERTY INSPECTOR

[Link]

[Link]

RUN

[Link]

EMPTY GUI

[Link]

GENERATED M FILE

[Link]

PUSH BUTTON

[Link]

RIGHT CLICK PUSH BUTTON & GO FOR

PROPERTY INSPECTOR

[Link]

CHANGE THE STRING AND TAG

VALUE

[Link]

CHANGE THE STRING AND TAG

VALUE

[Link]

RIGHT CLICK PUSH BUTTON & GO FOR M

FILE EDITOR

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GO FOR CALLBACK

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WRITE THE CODE BELOW THE

CALLBACK
a =imread('[Link]');
imshow(a);

[Link]

RUN THE PROGRAM OR PRESS F5

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CHOOSE AXES

[Link]

CHOOSE AXES

[Link]

RIGHT CLICK AXES & GO FOR PROPERTY

INSPECTOR

[Link]

CHANGE THE STRING AND TAG

VALUE

[Link]

WRITE THE CODE BELOW THE

CALLBACK
a =imread('[Link]');
axes([Link]);
imshow(a);

[Link]

RUN THE PROGRAM

[Link]

CODE
a =imread('[Link]');
axes([Link]);
imshow(a);

[Link]

TOGGLE BUTTON

[Link]

RIGHT CLICK TOGGLE & GO FOR

PROPERTY INSPECTOR

[Link]

CHANGE THE STRING AND TAG

VALUE

[Link]

RIGHT CLICK TOGGLE & GO FOR M FILE

EDITOR

[Link]

WRITE THE CODE BELOW THE

CALLBACK

a=get(hObject,'Value');
if a ==1
a =imread('[Link]');
axes([Link]);
imshow(a);
else
a =imread('[Link]');
axes([Link]);
imshow(a);
end

[Link]

RUN THE PROGRAM

[Link]

RIGHT CLICK RADIO BUTTON & GO FOR

PROPERTY INSPECTOR

[Link]

CHANGE THE STRING AND TAG

VALUE

[Link]

RIGHT CLICK CHECK BOX & GO FOR MFILE

EDITOR

[Link]

WRITE THE CODE BELOW THE

CALLBACK

[Link]

RUN THE PROGRAM

[Link]

RIGHT CLICK CHECK BOX & GO FOR

PROPERTY INSPECTOR

[Link]

CHANGE THE STRING AND TAG

VALUE

[Link]

RIGHT CLICK CHECK BOX & GO FOR M FILE

EDITOR

[Link]

WRITE THE CODE BELOW THE

CALLBACK

[Link]

RUN THE PROGRAM

[Link]

RIGHT CLICK FRAME & SEND TO

BACK

[Link]

RUN THE PROGRAM

[Link]

RIGHT CLICK LIST BOX & GO FOR

PROPERTY INSPECTOR

[Link]

EDIT THE STRING OPTIONS

[Link]

RIGHT CLICK LIST BOX & GO FOR M FILE

EDITOR

[Link]

WRITE THE CODE BELOW THE

CALLBACK
contents = get(hObject,'Value')
switch contents
case 1
a =imread('[Link]');
axes([Link]);
imshow(a);
case 2
a =imread('[Link]');
axes([Link]);
imshow(a);
case 3
a =imread('[Link]');
axes([Link]);
imshow(a);
otherwise
a =imread('[Link]');
axes([Link]);
imshow(a);
end

[Link]

CHOOSE POPUPMENU

[Link]

RIGHT CLICK POPUP MENU & GO FOR

PROPERTY INSPECTOR

[Link]

EDIT THE STRING OPTIONS

[Link]

WRITE THE CODE

contents = get(hObject,'Value')
switch contents
case 1
a =imread('[Link]');
axes([Link]);
imshow(a);
case 2
a =imread('[Link]');
axes([Link]);
imshow(a);
case 3
a =imread('[Link]');
axes([Link]);
imshow(a);
otherwise
a =imread('[Link]');
axes([Link]);
imshow(a);
end

[Link]

RIGHT CLICK EDIT TEXT & GO FOR

PROPERTY INSPECTOR

[Link]

EDIT STRING AND TAG

[Link]

RIGHT CLICK EDIT TEXT & GO FOR M FILE

EDITOR

[Link]

RIGHT CLICK AXES & GO FOR PROPERTY

INSPECTOR

[Link]

[Link]

WRITE THE CODE BELOW THE

CALLBACK

[Link]

WRITE THE CODE BELOW THE

CALLBACK

a=get(hObject,'String') ;
b=char(a);
c=imread(b);
axes([Link]);
imshow(c);

[Link]

RIGHT CLICK STATIC TEXT & GO FOR

PROPERTY INSPECTOR

[Link]

CHANGE THE STRING AND TAG

VALUE

[Link]

WRITE THE CODE BELOW THE

CALLBACK
a=get(hObject,'String') ;
set(handles.t1,'String',a);
b=char(a);
c=imread(b);
axes([Link]);
imshow(c);

[Link]

SLIDER

[Link]

RIGHT CLICK SLIDER & GO FOR PROPERTY

INSPECTOR

[Link]

DROP TWO AXES

[Link]

DROP PUSH BUTTON

[Link]

CHANGE THE STRING AND TAG

VALUE

[Link]

GO FOR CALLBACK

[Link]

WRITE THE CODE BELOW THE

CALLBACK

[filename, pathname] = uigetfile('*.bmp', 'Pick an Image');

if isequal(filename,0) | isequal(pathname,0)
warndlg('User pressed cancel')
else
a=imread(filename);
axes(handles.axes1);
imshow(a);
[Link]=filename;
guidata(hObject, handles);
end

[Link]

RIGHT CLICK SLIDER & GO FOR M FILE

EDITOR

[Link]

[Link]

WRITE THE CODE BELOW THE

CALLBACK

[Link]

RUN THE PROGRAM

a=get(hObject,'Value');
filename =[Link];
I = imread(filename);
J = imadd(I,50);
axes(handles.axes2);
imshow(J)

[Link]

MENU EDITOR

[Link]

[Link]

EDIT STRING AND TAG

[Link]

RUN

[Link]

Further contact
E-Mail:tripleninfotech@[Link]
project@[Link]
Contact No
+91-9566234284
+91-9566763284
Like Facebook page
[Link]
eprojecs
[Link]

CORPORATE OFFICE ADDRESS

Triple N Infotech-Chennai

Triple N Infotech-Trichy

No 33,(Old No 14/1),

No 73/5, 3rd Floor,

First Floor,

Kamachi Complex,

Madley Road,

Opp City Hospital,

[Link]

Salai Road,

Chennai-17

Trichy-18

044-42868371

0431-4050403

9566234284

7200021404

[Link]

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