PAL Encoder and Decoder
By Rajender Kumar
Director(Engg.)
STI(T), AIR & Doordarshan
Color reproduction in Television
System
Colors are generated by additive mixing of primary
colors, Red (R), Green (G), Blue (B).
The mixing is done in the color picture tube where
three R-G-B electron guns will hit the respective RG-B phosphor dots on the screen, resulting in
emission of red, green and blue light from the
respective dots. When these colors of different
intensities are emitted, human eyes would perceive a
particular color
Additive Mixing of Primary Colors
Color separation using optical system
Color Generation in TV Picture Tube
Conversion of RGB signals into
CCVS
TV Transmission is carried out in color composite
video signals (CCVS), instead of RGB component
video.
TV receiver responds only to CCVS signals.
PAL encoder convert RGB signal into CCVS
signal and PAL Decoder takes CCVS as input and
gives RGB as output
Therefore conversion from RGB to CCVS is
required.
CCVS
R-Signal
G-Signal
B-Signal
PAL
Encoder
CCVS
VIDEO FRAME
23
1
2
336
FIELD 1
310
FIELD 2
623
623-1/2, 624,.23-1/2
1
2
311, 312,.335
VIDEO FRAME
FIELD 1
Odd Field
FIELD 2
Even Field
Total line period = 64 sec
Active period = 52 sec
Horizontal blanking = 12 0.3sec
Horizontal sync pulse = 4.7 0.2sec
Front porch = 1.5 0.3sec
Back porch = 5.8 0.3sec
Video Bandwidth
Number of pixels in a single picture of a SD television is
720 576 414720 pixels(PAL)
The number of cycles produced is given by 1/2 number of pixels:
1
414720 207360 cycles/picture
2
Since there are 25 (PAL) complete pictures per second, then the
number of cycles per second, i.e. the maximum video frequency is
207360 25 5184000 Hz = 5.184 MHz
Constrains for migration from
monochrome to color Transmission
Compatibility: Color transmission must
respond to B/W receivers.
Reverse Compatibility: Monochrome
transmission must be received by color TV.
Bandwidth:Color composite video signal
must utilize the same bandwidth of 5 MHz
as utilized by monochrome composite
signal.
How to maintain compatibility
Three RGB signals are converted into
Luminance Y, and color difference signals
using simple mathematical relation
Y=0.3R+0.59G+0.11B, Luminance Signal
U=0.493(B-Y)
Color Difference Signals
V=0.877(R-Y)
(B-Y) and (R-Y) are weighted to avoid
over modulation
Generation of Luminance and color difference signals
Gamma correction
R1 = 0.59, R2 = 0.3, R3 = 0.11
Luminance signal
Y = 0.3R + 0.59G + 0.11B
Simple matrix
G
R1
R2
Amp.
R3
R4
Camera
outputs
Inv.
amp.
-Y
(R Y)
adder
-Y
B
(B Y)
adder
(R Y)
(B Y)
How to retain 5MHz BW
The color difference signals, U and V are
accommodated in the luminance Y signal using
frequency interleaving.
The frequency interleaving is achieved by
modulating U and V using QAM at color subcarrier frequency which is given by
f SC
15625 50
fh
fv
284 f h
284 15625
4
2
4
2
= 4433618.75 Hz = 4.43361875 MHz
Energy Spectrum of color video signal
Luminance clusters
Frequency interleaving used in colour television broadcasting
Quadrature Amplitude
Modulation
QAM is a type of modulation scheme where
two information, U and V can be conveyed
on a single carrier, means saving BW.
QAM signal or Chrominance signal C :
C U cos( c t ) V sin( ct )
C C cos( c t )
C
U 2 V 2
tan
V
U
V C
-U
U
-V
QAM Modulator
U
U
Balanced
modulator
U cos( t )
c
cos( t )
c
Sub carrier
oscillator
Adder
C U cos( c t ) V sin( c t )
90 o
sin( t )
c
V
Balanced
modulator
V sin( ct )
Phase Angle for yellow Color
R = 1.0 , G = 1.0, B = 0.0
Y= 0.30+0.59 = 0.89
U = 0.493(B-Y) = 0.493(-0.89) = -0.4387,
V = 0.877( R-Y) = 0.877(0.11) = 0.0965,
C U V
2
180 tan
o
0.4387 2 0.0965 2
0.0965
167 o
0.4387
= 0.44
Chrominance signal phasor positions for primary and
complimentary colors
Advantage of PAL over
NTSC
Phase Alteration by Line : Changing phase of the subcarrier by 180 degree at each alternating line to minimize
the phase error. The phase error causes error in color
reproduction. Correction of colors is done in the Human
Visual System.
Color correction is not done in NTSC system
Phase error correction in PAL system
Received vector
with NTSC line
Transmitted vector
At angle
Received vector
with PAL line
-U
U
-
-V
PAL Encoder
Y
Matrix
U
U Modulator
V
fsc 90
Burst
gate
V Modulator
U Carrier
Color
Sub-carrier
4.43 MHz
fsc 0
fsc 180
Phase
shift
V Carrier
Composite syncs
0 / 180
Phase switch
Ident PAL switch 1/2f h
+
+
+
Summing
Amplifier
+
4.43 MHz
BPF
f = 2.6 MHz
fc = 4.43 MHz
Summing
Amplifier
Composite
PAL
Luminance Delay
(400-500ns)
Output
Separation of U and V signal
U+jV
(U+jV)+(U-jV)=2U
U-jV
(U-jV)+(U+jV)=2U
Adder
From video
Preamplifier
U+jV
Chrominance Band
Pass amplifier
U-jV
Delay Line
63.943 microsec
U-jV
U+jV
Subtractor
U+jV
(U+jV)-(U-jV)=+2V
U-jV
(U-jV)-(U+jV)= -2V
PAL Decoder
THANK YOU
