3-ph Induction Motor

Induction Motor & Transformer

Induction Motor

Transformer

Stator

Primary

Rotor

Secondary

Induction Motor is also called as

Generalized Transformer

Analysis of equivalent circuit

r1

I1

jx1
Ic

V1

Rc

I2
I0

jx2
I

jXm

r2
1 s
r2 r2

s
s

r2/s

r1 I jx1
1
Ic
V1

r2

I2

I0

Rc

jx2

I
jXm

1 s

r2

With this, circuit is equivalent to transformer.

At standstill, s=1,
ckt becomes equivalent to short circuited transformer.
At synchronous speed, s=0,
ckt becomes equivalent to open circuited transformer.

Power Balance
r1 I jx1
I2
1
I0
Ic
I
Rc

jXm

Stator

Stator

Rotor

loss

loss

loss

V1

Stator
Input
power

V1
I1cos1

r2

I12r1

core

Rotor Input power

(Air Gap Power Pg)

I22r2

jx2

1 s

r2

Mechanical
Power
Developed in
Rotor Pm

E2 I2cos2=I22r2/s

Rotor Input power= V1 I1 cos 1 I12r1 - Pi

Air gap power, Pg= I-22r2 + Pm

=E2 I2 cos 2
I2

E2
2

r2
2

x

2
s

Pg E 2 I2

r2

and cos2

r2
2
x2
s

Pg I2

r2
s

Pg I2 2 r2 I2 2 r2 1 s
s

Pg sPg (1 s)Pg

r2

r2
2
x2
s

1 s

Pm I2 2 r2

(1 s) Pg

Internal (or Gross) torque developed per phase is

Internal Mechanical Power Developed in Rotor

Te
Rotor Speed in Mechanical Radian per Seconds
Pm (1 s) Pg

r (1 s) s

Pg

Watts/rad/sec
s
Te can also be expressed as Synchronous Watts
due to Pg and s.

Shaft Power Psh= Pm- F & W Loss

-Iron Loss Pi (If not considered
earlier in Equi Ckt Diagram)

=Pm- Constant Loss

Tsh

Psh

=Te - Lost Torque due to constant loss

Efficiency =

Pm

Pm Pconstant Pcu

100 %

0.5% is deducted from calculated efficiency

in order to consider STRAY load losses.

Torque- Slip Characteristics

P g m 2 r2
m
Te

I2

s s
s
s
r2
RTH
s

VTH 2
2

TH
2

r2
Nm
s

Stable (T-s linear ch) (Shunt ch)

Motoring Mode
Tem
TL
Unstable
Top

Te

Test
0
1

Speed
Slip

Ns
0

Test

Tem

RTH

KTH
r
2
2 2
r2 XTH x2

KTH
2

2 RTH RTH X 2

X XTH x

s KTH
Top
r2

Motor torque Te in terms of Tem

KTH

r2
s

r2

2
R R 2 X 2
RTH XTH x2
2
TH
TH
r2
Te
s

2
Tem
KTH
r2

2 s
RTH XTH x2
2
2
s

2 RTH RTH X

Assume r1 very small, so neglected.

RTH r1, RTH is also neglected.
r2
2
RTH (XTH x2 ) 2 XTH x2 X
smt
2X
smt X
Te

2
Tem
s
smt X
2

X
s

smt
s

s
smt

r2 smt X

Te
2

Tem smt s
s
smt

TTee
22

TTemest smt1 ss

s s smt
1

Equivalent Circuit parameters

The equivalent circuit parameters can be
determined from
1. DC resistance measurement method
2. No Load Test or Running Light test or Open Circuit Test
3. Blocked Rotor test or Short Circuit Test
1. DC resistance measurement method
The DC stator resistance r1, at room temperature is
measured by circulating a suitable DC current
measuring voltage drop between stator terminals

rdc=Vdc/Idc

The hot resistance at 750 is

r1=(1.1 to 1.3) rdc

2. No Load Test or Running Light Test or

Open Circuit Test
W0

I0

This test gives

1. Core loss
2. F & W loss
3. No load current I0
4. No load power factor
5. Ic, Rc, I, Xm
6. Mechanical faults, noise

STATOR

V0 V
B

Y
ROTOR

Rated per voltage V0, with

rated freq is given to stator.

Motor is run at NO LOAD

P0, I0 and V0 are recorded

P0 = I02r1+Pc+Pfw

P0
Cos0
V0 I0
1. Ic=I0cos0

No load power factor is small,

0.05 to 0.15
provided x1 is known

2. I=I0sin0

E0
E0
, E 0 V 0 I 0 (r 1 jx 1)
3. R c
4. X m
Ic
I
On No load, Motor runs near to syn speed
So, s zero 1/s= or open circuit
jx2
r1 I jx1
I

I0

Ic
V0

Rc

I
jXm

open circuit

r2/s

The F & W loss Pfw, can be obtained from this

test.
Vary input voltage and note input power
Input Power

Pfw
Input Voltage
Thus Pc=P0 - I02r1 - Pfw

3. Blocked Rotor test or Short Circuit Test

Isc

Rotor is blocked, Speed = 0, slip = 1

Wsc

IM

V Vsc
B

Y
Rotor is blocked or held stationary by

3-ph Variac

belt pulley or by hand

Low voltage is applied upto rated stator current

Voltage Vsc, Current Isc and Power Psc are measured.

Since slip is 1, secondary is short circuited

r1

jx1
Ic

Vsc

Isc
I0

Rc

This test gives copper loss

Mechanical loss =0
Core loss negligible
Rc and Xm >> r2+jx2
Hence omitted

r2

jx2

I
jXm

1 s

r2

Therefore, Zsc = Vsc / Isc

=Rsc+jXsc

P sc
cossc
=0.8 to 0.9
VscI sc

Rsc= Psc/Isc2 = r1+r2

r2= Rsc r1

X sc Z sc 2 R sc 2 x 1x 2
For wound rotor motor, x1 = x2 = Xsc /2
For squirrel cage motor,
Class of motor

x1

x2

1.

Class A (normal Tst and Ist)

0.5

0.5

2.

Class B (normal Tst and low Ist)

0.4

0.6

3.

Class C (high Tst and low Ist)

0.3

0.7

4.

Class D (high Tst and high slip)

0.5

0.5

Circle Diagram of Ind Motor

Graphical representation

The equivalent ckt., operating ch. can be obtained

by computer quickly and accurately
But the advantage of circle diagram is that
extremities or Limits of stator current, Power,

torque and slip can be known from circle diagram

The circle diagram is constructed with the help of
1. No load test (I0 & 0)
2. Blocked rotor test (Isc & sc)

y
Isc

V1

Output line

sc
O

0 I
0

x
4. Join I0 and Isc

1. Draw x and y axes(V1 on y axis)

Line I0Isc is
2. Draw I0 and Isc(=V1/Zsc)
output line
3. Draw parallel line to x axis from I0.
This line indicates constant loss vertically

y
Isc

V1

Output line
T

sc
0 I
0

L1

O
L2
5. Draw perpendicular bisector to output line

6. Draw circle with C as a centre

7. Draw perpendicular from Isc on x axis..
I scT r2' Rotor Cu Loss

8. Divide IscL1 in such a way that.

T L1
r1 Stator Cu Loss

rated output power

Isc

V1

Output line
T Torque line

sc
O

0 I
0

L1
L2

9. Join I0T. This is called as Torque Line.

10. Suppose 1cm=Xamp, so 1cm=V1.X= power scale
Rated output power/V1X = Total cm for rated o/p power
Total cm for rated output power=IscR

P
V1
P
1

Isc
Output line
T Torque line

sc

O
T
L1
0 I
L

1
0
C
x
O
L2
L2
11. From R, draw line parallel to output line crossing at P & P.
P is operating point
12. Join O and P. Cos1 is operating pf.
13. From P draw perpendicular on x axis

Lebel O, T , L1 and L2

Isc

V1
P

Output line

sc
O

0 I
0

O
T
L1
L2

T Torque line
C

L1
L2

14. Determine the flollowing

1. Constant Losses and copper losses
L1L2=L1L2=constant losses =Core loss + F & W loss
no load current I0

Isc

V1
P

Output line

sc
O

0 I
0

O
T
L1
L2

At standstill, input power = IscL2

T Torque line
C

L1
L2

L1L2=Constant Loss

Constant loss= Stator core loss +rotor core loss (f)

F & W loss=0

Isc

V1
P

Output line

sc
O

0 I
0

O
T
L1
L2

T Torque line
C

L1
L2

At operating point P, input power = PL2, L1L2=Constant Loss

Constant loss = Stator core loss + F & W loss
Rotor core loss 0 (sf)
Thus L1L2=L1L2= Constant loss

Isc

V1
P

Output line

sc
O

0 I
0

O
T
L1
L2

At standstill, Stator Cu loss=TL1

At P, stator Cu loss =TL1 and

T Torque line
C

L1
L2

rotor Cu loss = IscT

rotor Cu loss = OT

y
Pmax

V1

Isc

Output line

O
O
T T
0 I
L1 L1
0
O
L2 L2
2. Output Power and Torque
Output Power = OP

T Torque line

sc

L1

The gap betn output line and circle is OUTPUT

Power.
0
Speed
At I0, o/p=0, at Isc, o/p=0
1
Slip
Max output power=PmaxO

LP2max

Ns
0

y
Pmax

V1
P
1

P
Tmax

Isc
Output line
T Torque line

O
O
T
T T
L1
L1
0 I
L

1
1
0
C
x
L

O
L2 L2 2
L2
Tmax
2. Output Power and Torque
Output Torque = TP
The gap betn torque line and circle is OUTPUT torque.
Ns
0
Speed
At I0, torque=0, but at
Isc, torque=T Isc=Starting torque
1
Slip
0
Max output torque=TmaxT
sc

y
Pmax

V1
P
1

P
Tmax

O
O
T
T T
L1
0 I
L

1
1
0
C
L

O
L2 L2 2
2. Output Power and Torque
sc

Isc
Output line
T Torque line

L1
L2

Max Power and Max Torque are not occurring at same time
Contradiction to max power transfer theorem

y
Pmax

V1

sc

O
T
0 I
L1
0
O
L2
3. Slip, Power factor and

Isc

Tmax

P
1

Output line

T Torque line

T
T
L1 L1
C
L

L2 2
Efficiency

L1
L2

Air gap power Pg = Input power Stator Cu loss- core loss

=PL2-TL1-L1L2 = PT
s = rotor Cu loss/Pg =OT/PT

smp

O"T "

Pmax T "

O" ' T " '

smt
Tmax T " '

y
Pmax

V1

Tmax

P
1

sc

O
T
0 I
L1
0
O
L2
3. Slip, Power factor and

T
T
L1 L1
C
L

L2 2
Efficiency

Power factor cos1 = PL2/OP

Efficiency= PO/PL2

Isc
Output line
T Torque line

L1
L2

y
Pmax

V1

Tmax

P
1

sc
O

0 I
0

4. Braking Torque

O
T
L1
L2

Isc
Output line
braking torque
T Torque line
s=1

T
C

L1
L2

s=0
The gap betn circle and (T & s=) is braking torque

x
s=

y
Pmax

V1

Tmax

P
1

sc

O
T
0 I
L1
0
O
L2
5. Induction Generator
s=0

Isc
Output line
braking torque
T Torque line
s=1

T
C

L1
L2

x
s=

y
Pmax

V1

P
Tmax

Isc
Output line
braking torque

O
O
T
T
0 I
L1
0
C
O
L2
5. Induction Generator
s=0
G
s= -ve
G
(Generator)
sc

PGmax

T Torque line
s=1

L1
L2

x
s=

OG=Gen Current
OG=Mech I/p
L2G=Active power
OL2=reactive power

y
Pmax

V1

P
Tmax

P
1

Isc
Output line
braking torque
T Torque line

O
O
s=1
T
T
L1 T
0 I
L

1
0
C
Ae
x
O
L2
L2
5. Induction Generator
s=
Speed
s=0
0
Ns Speed 2N
s
G
OG=Gen
1
Slip
0 Current
Slip -1

OG=Mech I/p
s=
-ve
G
(Generator)
L2G=Active power
sc

PGmax

OL2=reactive power

y
Pmax

V1
P
1

P
Tmax

Isc
Output line
braking torque
T Torque line

O
O
s=1
T
T
L1
0 I
L

1
Te
0
CA
x
O
L2
L2
5. Induction Generator
s=
Ns
s=0
0
Speed
Speed
2Ns
Sli
G
OG=Gen Slip
Current-1
1
0 B
p
OG=Mech I/p
s=
-ve
G
(Generator)
L2G=Active power
sc

OL2=reactive power