DISASTER
MANAGEMENT
includes sum total of all activities, programmes and
measures which can be taken up before , during
and after a disaster with the purpose to avoid a
disaster, reduce its impact or recover from its losses.
Mitigation: Measures to minimize the impacts
o Like: building codes and zoning; vulnerability analyses; public education.
Preparedness: Planning how to respond
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like: preparedness plans; emergency exercises/training; warning systems.
Response: Initial actions taken to minimize the
hazards
o like: evacuation; search and rescue; emergency relief.
Recovery: Returning the community to normal
o like: rehabilitation and reconstruction
the actions taken to save lives and property and
prevent further damage
putting preparedness plans into action
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search and rescue
immediate medical help and lifesupport
assisting refugees with transport
food ,clothing& temporary shelter
initial repairs to damaged infrastructure
Preventing immediate disaster
damage assessment
Aims of disaster response
o To ensure the survival of the maximum possible number of victims, keeping
them in the best possible health in the circumstances.
o To re-establish self-sufficiency and essential services as quickly as possible
for all population groups, with special attention to the most vulnerable
and underprivileged.
o To repair or replace damaged infrastructure and regenerate viable
economic activities.
Disaster Response Activities
Warning- information concerning the nature of the
danger and imminent disaster threats, to evacuate
or secure property and prevent further damage.
Evacuation and migration-relocation of a
population from zones at risk of an imminent disaster
to a safer location for protection of life of the
community and immediate treatment of injured.
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For evacuation to work there must be:
A timely and accurate warning system,
Clear identification of escape routes,
community awareness of the plan
Search and rescue (SAR)-process of identifying the location of disaster
victims that may be trapped or isolated and bringing them to safety and
medical attention
o Mountain rescue -in rugged and mountainous terrain
o Ground search and rescue-for persons who are lost or in distress on land
or inland waterways
o Urban search and rescue-location and rescue of persons from collapsed
buildings or other urban and industrial entrapments
o Combat search and rescue-carried out during war
o Air-sea rescue -combined use of aircraft like flying boats, helicopters and
surface vessels
Post-disaster assessment-to provide a clear,
concise picture of the post-disaster situation, to
identify relief needs and to develop strategies for
recovery.
Relief-provision of material aid and emergency
medical care necessary to save and preserve
human lives.
also enables families to meet their basic needs for
medical and health care, shelter, clothing, water,
and food
Logistics and supply-well-organized supply service
for handling the procurement, storage, and
dispatch of relief supplies for distribution to disaster
victims.
Communication and information management-the
equipment for information flow & information
management
Survivor response and coping
Security
protection of the human rights and safety of
displaced populations and refugees
the actions taken to return the community to
normal or better following a disaster.
decisions and actions relative to rebuilding homes,
replacing property, resuming employment, restoring
businesses, and permanently repairing and
rebuilding infrastructure
o Initial Response (1-7 days)
o Mid-Term Planning (7-30 days)
o Long-Term Reconstruction (Several Years)
short-term and long-term.
o Short-term recovery
o restore interrupted utility services, clear roads, and either fix or demolish
severely damaged buildings.
o provide food and temporary shelter
o Physical and Psychological recovery
o Long-term recovery -the complete redevelopment of damaged areas,
restoring economic activity, community facilities and individual housing.
The Recovery Plan
o Gathering basic information
o Organizing recovery
o Mobilizing resources for recovery
o Administering recovery
o Regulating recovery
o Coordinating recovery activities
o Evaluating recovery
Post Disaster Assessment
Purpose of assessment
identification and prioritization of needs for disaster
relief assistance and to facilitate a timely,
appropriate response and recovery
help determine the extent of a disaster and its
impact on the population and facilities
Types of assessment
o Initial or Rapid Assessment-response stage
o In-Depth or Sectoral Assessment-long term recovery (15days-1month)
o Impact Assessment
o Needs Assessment
Initial or Rapid Assessment
comprises both situation and needs
assessment in the early, critical stage of
disaster to determine the type of relief
needed for immediate response.
aim to:
o Identify the impact a disaster has had on a society and its infrastructure,
and the ability of that society to cope
o Identify the most vulnerable segments of the population that need to be
targeted for assistance;
o Identify the level of response by the affected country and its internal
capacity to cope with the situation;
o Identify the level of response from the international community
Identify the most urgent relief needs and potential methods of providing
them most effectively;
o Make recommendations which define and set priorities on the actions
and resources needed for immediate response
o Highlight special concerns regarding the development of the situation
o Draw attention to geographical areas / substantive sectors needing indepth assessment
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In-Depth or Sectoral Assessment
o To determine long term recovery and development requirements
o Housing and infrastructures, livelihoods, environment and psycho social
aspects
o Identify needs for external assistance
Impact Assessment
o process of collecting information on the magnitude of the disaster and
the extent of its impact on both the population and infrastructure of the
society
o The area affected by location and size
o Causes of causalities and damage
o Human loss and causalities
o Damage on infrastructure and environment
o Environmental, health and sanitation threats
o govt and other agencies and their activities and capacity
Needs Assessment
o the level and type of assistance required for the affected population
o identifies resources and services for immediate emergency measures to
save and sustain the lives of the affected population.
o Needs that can be met from within the community and require external
assistance
o conducted at the site of a disaster or at the location of a displaced
population.
Assessment Process
Human loss and damage
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Deaths
Permanent disabilities
Major injuries
Minor injuries and missing
Assessment Methodology
o Informal discussions
o Secondary sources
Damage to housing
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Completely destroyed/ beyond repair
Partially damaged/ repairable
Minor damage
Undamaged
Data assessed
o Geographic location
o Urban / rural
o Size
o Typology on the basis of design and structural
system
o Types of ownership & functional usage
o Average dwelling size,no. of inhabitants per
dwelling
o Status of house
Assessment Methodology
o Village Transect- comparative overview of different parts of community
Habitat Mapping
Photographic Information
Household level Survey-Two types
Damage category and types of construction
materials
Technical details of damage
Damage to community infrastructures
Methodology
o Infrastructure mapping
o Village level Survey
o Photographic Information
Environmental damage
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Landform change
Change in natural drainage
Soil degradation
Destruction of vegetation
Water contamination
Loss of flora and fauna
Methodology
o Resource mapping
o Village Transect
o Village survey
Damage to Livelihood
o Loss to means and assets
o Employment and Income
Methodology
o Wealth Ranking
o Occupational network analysis
o Livelihood survey-nature of assets like land, house, livestock
Health Damage
Due to site conditions, population concentration,
contaminated water, lack of sanitation, lack of
nutrition, etc
Methodology
Community Health Surveillance: type, magnitude and pattern and trend
of health problems through monitoring
o Mobility map for health services
o Health Risk Mapping
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Health Risk Mapping
Psycho social impact
o Psychological disorders
o PTSD-Post traumatic stress disorder-panic reactions, withdrawal from daily
activities, outburst
Methodology
o Listening and observing
o Symptom prevalence matrix
o Case card
Women in Disaster
House hold Survey
Informal survey-field visit survey
Formal survey
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Simple random sampling
Systematic random sampling
Stratified random sampling
Cluster sampling
SHELTER RECONSTRUCTION
STRATEGY
Recovery
shelter/housing
Self
recover
y
Emergency
shelter
Early
Recover
y shelter
Reception and transit camps- 1-5 days
Emergency Shelters/Temporary shelters- day 5-3 month(
rehabilitation)
Permanent Housing- 3months-3 years( reconstruction)
Emergency Shelters/ Temporary shelters
during the period between disaster and the
achievement of a durable shelter solution
Aim
o protection and security
o survival and health
o social needs, such as privacy and dignity
o livelihoods
o natural-resource management
o communal service infrastructure.
Types
odispersed settlement/host familiespre-existing households.
omass shelter- public buildings and
community Facilities
ocamps:
(a) spontaneous -formed without adequate
planning
(b)planned-purpose built
dispersed settlement
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May not exist in affected areas
o Relocated people are scattered
o difficult to keep track and provide services
o Can reinforce social isolation
mass sheltero
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Cheaper
May not exist in affected areas
they can quickly become overcrowded
sanitation and other services can become overburdened
equipment and structure can be damaged
buildings are no longer available for their original purpose
lack of privacy and increased protection risks.
difficult to keep track and provide services
Can reinforce social isolation
spontaneous -formed without adequate plan
o re-location, as early as possible, to well-identified site
o High density, overburden on resources
Criteria for planned shelters:
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protection from an immediate danger
Quick to supply
Low cost
Buildable- Small and light unit size
Adaptable-Flexible, Cultural Acceptance
Relief motivated but development driven
minimization of environmental impact
Durability- Fire resistance
Types of shelter system:
In-situ construction-locally available materials and
techniques
o Can evolve to permanent housing
o Flexibility in location, materials, style
o Community involvement
o Requires available, safe, and undisputed land
o Draining of resources
Prefabricated
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Modular,Standard specifications
Can be built in large quantities offsite
Easy to keep track of relocated people
Can be used for collective relocation (preserving social networks)
Requires available, safe, and undisputed land
Low quality and lack of comfort
Often built in inconvenient locations, far from original homes
If use is prolonged, risks degrading to a slum
Standards for construction
o accommodation: in barracks, communal tents with minimum of 3.0
m2per person
o sanitation: 20 persons per latrine, 50persons per shower,
o water supply: absolute minimum provision of 7 litres/person/day plus
water required for kitchens, cleaning and sanitation;
o food preparation: approximately 100 m2 per 500 persons;
o storage: 150 to 200 m3 per 1,000 persons;
o a public address system;
o lighting;
o arrival and departure zones which are separated from accommodation
zones;
o arrival zones should include registration and medical clearance facilities
o administrative offices and staff accommodation;
o one health post and separate accommodation for quarantine;
o security fencing
o Visibility and ease of movement.
Adequate housing
o legal security of tenure
o availability of services, materials, facilities, and infrastructure
o affordability
o habitability
o accessibility
o location
o cultural adequacy.
Onsite Reconstruction / Relocation/Repair
Onsite reconstruction
Approaches
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Cash Approach
Owner driven approach
Community-Driven Reconstruction
Agency-Driven Reconstruction in-Situ
Agency-Driven Reconstruction in Relocated Site
Cash Approach-Unconditional financial assistance without technical support
Repair, reconstruction, migration, etc
Owner driven approach- conditional financial assistance with regulations and
technical support
o Combination of cash, vouchers, technical assistance
o construction or repair work by themselves, by
employing family labor, by employing a local
contractor or local laborers, or by using some
combination of these options
Essential prerequisites
o Training of trades people and homeowners
o Technical assistance and construction supervision
and inspection
o Updating and enforcement of building codes and
construction guidelines
o Mechanisms to regulate prices and facilitate access
to building materials
o A system for providing financial assistance in
installments as construction progresses
Community-Driven Reconstruction: Financial and/or
material assistance is channeled through community
organizations that are actively involved in decision making
and in managing reconstruction
community involvement in the project cycle,
complemented by the assistance of an agency.
Role of agency
o suggest housing designs, technologies, and/or materials,
and delivering construction inputs and training,employ
skilled and unskilled laborers from the community or
facilitate the formation of construction committees.
Roles for the community:
o Organization and planning of the entire reconstruction
process, including housing and infrastructure
o Decisions regarding housing design and building
materials
o Production of building materials such as bricks
o Distribution of building materials or other forms of
housing assistance
Agency-Driven Reconstruction in-Situ: governmental or nongovernmental
/contractors
Design, materials, and expertise are likely to be
imported from outside the community.
The community may or may not be consulted
on certain aspects of the project, such as house
designs.
Lack of control over quality, and opportunity to
participate in specific tasks.
agency hires a construction company
Agency-Driven Reconstruction in Relocated Site
a governmental or nongovernmental agency
contracts the construction of houses on a new site,
generally with little or no involvement by the
community
Reconstruction Process
Planning
o understanding the context and impact of the disaster
o understanding the regulatory framework and establishing methods of
coordination
o understanding funding teams and timescales
o determining which method of assistance is most appropriate
o establishing partnerships with other stakeholders in order to provide
assistance
o recognising natural hazards which pose a future risk
o capturing the objectives, timescales, resources and risks in the
programme plan
Design
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selection of appropriate sites for reconstruction
resolving issues of land tenure
physical planning of settlements
definition of appropriate quality for reconstruction
identifying appropriate types of construction
minimising the environmental impact of reconstruction
incorporating disaster risk reduction strategies
design of infrastructure facilities
Construction
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different methods of implementation
management of construction projects
specification, procurement and transportation of materials
management of labour and workmanship
handover, maintenance and post-occupancy evaluation of completed
projects.
Relocation
o Rebuilding in new site voluntarily or involuntarily.
Happens when
o When the old location is subject to a natural hazard
o When the old location is completely destroyed and to move the debris
o new plotting in the old settlement is inconvenient for rapid recovery and
housing purposes
Unsuccessful
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Inadequacy of new site
Distance from livelihood and social networks
Socio culturally inadequate settlement layout
Lack of community living
Lack of user participation in early decision-making process
Lack of guidance to the beneficiaries during the construction phase of
the houses.
Mitigation
measures that eliminate or reduce the probability of disaster
occurrence, impacts and risks of hazards of unavoidable disasters
through proactive measures taken before disaster occurs.
Includes
Understanding each hazard
its causes
its geographical distribution, magnitude or severity, and probable
frequency of occurrence
the physical mechanisms of destruction
the elements and activities most vulnerable to destruction
the possible economic and social consequences of the disaster
Vulnerability assessment -physical vulnerability ,vulnerability of social
institutions and economic activities
Mitigation Measures
