CS589-04 Digital Image Processing
Lecture 9. Wavelet Transform
Spring 2008
New Mexico Tech
Wavelet Definition
The wavelet transform is a tool that cuts up data, functions
or operators into different frequency components, and then
studies each component with a resolution matched to its
scale
Dr. Ingrid Daubechies, Lucent, Princeton U.
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Fourier vs. Wavelet
FFT, basis functions: sinusoids
Wavelet transforms: small waves, called wavelet
FFT can only offer frequency information
Wavelet: frequency + temporal information
Fourier analysis doesnt work well on discontinuous,
bursty data
music, video, power, earthquakes,
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Fourier vs. Wavelet
Fourier
Loses time (location) coordinate completely
Analyses the whole signal
Short pieces lose frequency meaning
Wavelets
Localized time-frequency analysis
Short signal pieces also have significance
Scale = Frequency band
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Fourier transform
Fourier transform:
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Wavelet Transform
Scale and shift original waveform
Compare to a wavelet
Assign a coefficient of similarity
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Scaling-- value of stretch
Scaling a wavelet simply means stretching (or
compressing) it.
f(t) = sin(t)
scale factor1
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Scaling-- value of stretch
Scaling a wavelet simply means stretching (or
compressing) it.
f(t) = sin(2t)
scale factor 2
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Scaling-- value of stretch
Scaling a wavelet simply means stretching (or
compressing) it.
f(t) = sin(3t)
scale factor 3
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More on scaling
It lets you either narrow down the frequency band of interest, or
determine the frequency content in a narrower time interval
Scaling = frequency band
Good for non-stationary data
Low scalea Compressed wavelet Rapidly changing detailsHigh
frequency
High scale a Stretched wavelet Slowly changing, coarse features
Low frequency
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Scale is (sort of) like frequency
Small scale
-Rapidly changing details,
-Like high frequency
Large scale
-Slowly changing
details
-Like low frequency
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Scale is (sort of) like frequency
The scale factor works exactly the same with wavelets.
The smaller the scale factor, the more "compressed"
the wavelet.
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Shifting
Shifting a wavelet simply means delaying (or hastening) its
onset. Mathematically, delaying a function f(t) by k is
represented by f(t-k)
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Shifting
C = 0.0004
C = 0.0034
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Five Easy Steps to a Continuous Wavelet
Transform
1. Take a wavelet and compare it to a section at the start of
the original signal.
2. Calculate a correlation coefficient c
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Five Easy Steps to a Continuous Wavelet
Transform
3. Shift the wavelet to the right and repeat steps 1 and 2 until you've
covered the whole signal.
4. Scale (stretch) the wavelet and repeat steps 1 through 3.
5. Repeat steps 1 through 4 for all scales.
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Coefficient Plots
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Discrete Wavelet Transform
Subset of scale and position based on power of two
rather than every possible set of scale and position in
continuous wavelet transform
Behaves like a filter bank: signal in, coefficients out
Down-sampling necessary
(twice as much data as original signal)
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Discrete Wavelet transform
signal
lowpass
highpass
filters
Approximation
(a)
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Details
(d)
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Results of wavelet transform
approximation and details
Low frequency:
approximation (a)
High frequency
details (d)
Decomposition
can be performed
iteratively
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Wavelet synthesis
Re-creates signal from coefficients
Up-sampling required
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Multi-level Wavelet Analysis
Multi-level wavelet
decomposition tree
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Reassembling original signal
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Subband Coding
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2-D 4-band filter bank
Approximation
Vertical detail
Horizontal detail
Diagonal details
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An Example of One-level Decomposition
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An Example of Multi-level Decomposition
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Wavelet Series Expansions
Wavelet series expansion of function f ( x) L2 ( )
relative to wavelet ( x) and scaling function ( x)
f ( x) c j0 (k ) j0 ,k ( x) d j (k ) j ,k ( x)
k
j j0
where ,
c j0 (k ) : approximation and/or scaling coefficients
d j (k ) : detail and/or wavelet coefficients
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Wavelet Series Expansions
c j0 (k ) f ( x), j0 ,k ( x) f ( x) j0 ,k ( x)dx
and
d j (k ) f ( x), j ,k ( x) f ( x) j ,k ( x)dx
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Wavelet Transforms in Two Dimensions
( x, y ) ( x) ( y )
H ( x, y ) ( x) ( y )
j ,m,n ( x, y) 2 j /2 (2 j x m, 2 j y n)
V ( x, y ) ( x) ( y )
i j ,m,n ( x, y) 2 j /2 i (2 j x m, 2 j y n)
D ( x, y ) ( x) ( y )
i {H ,V , D}
W ( j0 , m, n)
1
MN
W ( j , m, n)
1
MN
M 1 N 1
f ( x, y)
x 0 y 0
M 1 N 1
x 0 y 0
j0 , m , n
( x, y )
f ( x, y ) i j ,m,n ( x, y )
i H ,V , D
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Inverse Wavelet Transforms in Two
Dimensions
1
f ( x, y )
W ( j0 , m, n) j0 ,m,n ( x, y )
MN m n
1
i
i
W
(
j
,
m
,
n
)
j , m , n ( x, y )
MN i H ,V , D j j0 m n
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