2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
F
i
f
t
h
E
d
i
t
i
o
n
Beer Johnston DeWolf Mazurek
1- 1
BMM 1533 Strength Of Materials 1
2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
F
i
f
t
h
E
d
i
t
i
o
n
Beer Johnston DeWolf Mazurek
1- 2
Test 1 ( 7th week 2 hrs) 15 %
Test 2 (12th week. 2 hrs) 15 %
Assignments to be submitted within a week after each chapter Questions
from lecturer (2 week once or 1 chapter per assignment.)
15 %
Quizzes (Once every two weeks/every chapter) 15 %
Final Examination (Answer All four questions)
Sample exam question
Fundamental Equations of Mechanic Of Materials and Geometric properties of Area elements will be
given)
40 %
Total 100%
2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
F
i
f
t
h
E
d
i
t
i
o
n
Beer Johnston DeWolf Mazurek
COs Chapters Assessments Lecturer
CO1
& 2
1 & 2 Test 1 & Exam En. Nasrul Test Week 7
th
Answer all two (2)
questions.
CO3 3 Test 1 & Exam Mr. Lee
CO4 4 Test2 Mr. Lee Test Week 12
th
Answer all two (2)
questions.
C05 5 & 6 Test2 & Exam Mr. Lee
CO6 7 Exam Dr. Shar
1- 3
Teaching is on the parallel basis. Lecturer must key in marks for his/her class.
Each chapter must be assess with one quiz and an assignment
COs Chapters Assessments Lecturer
CO1
& 2
1 & 2 Exam .. One Question En. Nasrul (Q1)
Answer all four
questions.
Need two sets of
questions.
CO3
& 4
3 & 4
(composite
beam only)
Exam One Question Mr. Lee (Q2)
C05 5 & 6 Exam . One Question En. Lee (Q3)
CO6 7 Exam One Question Dr. Shar (Q4)
MECHANICS OF
MATERIALS
Fifth SI Edition
Ferdinand P. Beer
E. Russell Johnston, Jr.
John T. DeWolf
David F. Mazurek
Lecture Notes:
J. Walt Oler
Texas Tech University
CHAPTER
2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
1
Introduction
Concept of Stress
2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
F
i
f
t
h
E
d
i
t
i
o
n
Beer Johnston DeWolf Mazurek
1- 5
Concept of Stress
The main objective of the study of the mechanics
of materials is to provide the future engineer with
the means of analyzing and designing various
machines and load bearing structures.
Both the analysis and design of a given structure
involve the determination of stresses and
deformations. This chapter is devoted to the
concept of stress.
2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
F
i
f
t
h
E
d
i
t
i
o
n
Beer Johnston DeWolf Mazurek
1- 9
Review of Statics
The structure is designed to
support a 30 kN load
Perform a static analysis to
determine the internal force in
each structural member and the
reaction forces at the supports
The structure consists of a
boom and rod joined by pins
(zero moment connections) at
the junctions and supports
2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
F
i
f
t
h
E
d
i
t
i
o
n
Beer Johnston DeWolf Mazurek
1- 10
Structure Free-Body Diagram
Structure is detached from supports and
the loads and reaction forces are indicated
A
y
and C
y
can not be determined from
these equations
( ) ( )( )
kN 30
0 kN 30 0
kN 40
0
kN 40
m 8 . 0 kN 30 m 6 . 0 0
= +
= + = =
= =
+ = =
=
= =
y y
y y y
x x
x x x
x
x C
C A
C A F
A C
C A F
A
A M
Conditions for static equilibrium:
2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
F
i
f
t
h
E
d
i
t
i
o
n
Beer Johnston DeWolf Mazurek
1- 11
Component Free-Body Diagram
In addition to the complete structure, each
component must satisfy the conditions for
static equilibrium
( )
0
m 8 . 0 0
=
= =
y
y B
A
A M
Consider a free-body diagram for the boom:
kN 30 =
y
C
substitute into the structure equilibrium
equation
Results:
| = = = kN 30 kN 40 kN 40
y x
C C A
Reaction forces are directed along boom
and rod
2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
F
i
f
t
h
E
d
i
t
i
o
n
Beer Johnston DeWolf Mazurek
1- 12
Method of Joints
The boom and rod are 2-force members, i.e.,
the members are subjected to only two forces
which are applied at member ends
For equilibrium, the forces must be parallel to
to an axis between the force application points,
equal in magnitude, and in opposite directions
kN 50 kN 40
3
kN 30
5 4
0
= =
= =
=
BC AB
BC AB
B
F F
F F
F
Joints must satisfy the conditions for static
equilibrium which may be expressed in the
form of a force triangle:
2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
F
i
f
t
h
E
d
i
t
i
o
n
Beer Johnston DeWolf Mazurek
1- 13
Stress Analysis
Conclusion: the strength of member BC is
adequate
MPa 165
all
= o
From the material properties for steel, the
allowable stress is
From a statics analysis
F
AB
= 40 kN (compression)
F
BC
= 50 kN (tension)
Can the structure safely support the 30 kN
load?
d
BC
= 20 mm
MPa 159
m 10 314
N 10 50
2 6 -
3
=
= =
A
P
BC
o
At any section through member BC, the
internal force is 50 kN with a force intensity
or stress of
2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
F
i
f
t
h
E
d
i
t
i
o
n
Beer Johnston DeWolf Mazurek
1- 14
Design
Design of new structures requires selection of
appropriate materials and component dimensions
to meet performance requirements
For reasons based on cost, weight, availability,
etc., the choice is made to construct the rod from
aluminum (o
all
= 100 MPa). What is an
appropriate choice for the rod diameter?
( )
mm 2 . 25 m 10 52 . 2
m 10 500 4 4
4
m 10 500
Pa 10 100
N 10 50
2
2 6
2
2 6
6
3
= =
= =
=
=
= = =
t t
t
o
o
A
d
d
A
P
A
A
P
all
all
An aluminum rod 26 mm or more in diameter is
adequate
2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
F
i
f
t
h
E
d
i
t
i
o
n
Beer Johnston DeWolf Mazurek
1- 15
Axial Loading: Normal Stress
The resultant of the internal forces for an axially
loaded member is normal to a section cut
perpendicular to the member axis.
A
P
A
F
ave
A
=
A
A
=
A
o o
0
lim
The force intensity on that section is defined as
the normal stress.
The detailed distribution of stress is statically
indeterminate, i.e., can not be found from statics
alone.
The normal stress at a particular point may not be
equal to the average stress but the resultant of the
stress distribution must satisfy
} }
= = =
A
ave
dA dF A P o o
2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
F
i
f
t
h
E
d
i
t
i
o
n
Beer Johnston DeWolf Mazurek
1- 16
Centric & Eccentric Loading
The stress distributions in eccentrically loaded
members cannot be uniform or symmetric.
A uniform distribution of stress in a section
infers that the line of action for the resultant of
the internal forces passes through the centroid
of the section.
A uniform distribution of stress is only
possible if the concentrated loads on the end
sections of two-force members are applied at
the section centroids. This is referred to as
centric loading.
If a two-force member is eccentrically loaded,
then the resultant of the stress distribution in a
section must yield an axial force and a
moment.
2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
F
i
f
t
h
E
d
i
t
i
o
n
Beer Johnston DeWolf Mazurek
1- 17
Shearing Stress
Forces P and P are applied transversely to the
member AB.
A
P
=
ave
t
The corresponding average shear stress is,
The resultant of the internal shear force
distribution is defined as the shear of the section
and is equal to the load P.
Corresponding internal forces act in the plane
of section C and are called shearing forces.
Shear stress distribution varies from zero at the
member surfaces to maximum values that may be
much larger than the average value.
The shear stress distribution cannot be assumed to
be uniform.
2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
F
i
f
t
h
E
d
i
t
i
o
n
Beer Johnston DeWolf Mazurek
1- 18
Shearing Stress Examples
Single Shear
A
F
A
P
= =
ave
t
Double Shear
A
F
A
P
2
ave
= = t
2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
F
i
f
t
h
E
d
i
t
i
o
n
Beer Johnston DeWolf Mazurek
1- 19
Bearing Stress in Connections
Bolts, rivets, and pins create
stresses on the points of contact
or bearing surfaces of the
members they connect.
d t
P
A
P
= =
b
o
Corresponding average force
intensity is called the bearing
stress,
The resultant of the force
distribution on the surface is
equal and opposite to the force
exerted on the pin.
2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
F
i
f
t
h
E
d
i
t
i
o
n
Beer Johnston DeWolf Mazurek
1- 20
Would like to determine the
stresses in the members and
connections of the structure
shown.
Stress Analysis & Design Example
Must consider maximum
normal stresses in AB and
BC, and the shearing stress
and bearing stress at each
pinned connection
From a statics analysis:
F
AB
= 40 kN (compression)
F
BC
= 50 kN (tension)
2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
F
i
f
t
h
E
d
i
t
i
o
n
Beer Johnston DeWolf Mazurek
1- 21
Rod & Boom Normal Stresses
The rod is in tension with an axial force of 50 kN.
The boom is in compression with an axial force of 40
kN and average normal stress of 26.7 MPa.
The minimum area sections at the boom ends are
unstressed since the boom is in compression.
( )( )
MPa 167
m 10 300
10 50
m 10 300 mm 25 mm 40 mm 20
2 6
3
,
2 6
=
= =
= =
N
A
P
A
end BC
o
At the flattened rod ends, the smallest cross-sectional
area occurs at the pin centerline,
At the rod center, the average normal stress in the
circular cross-section (A = 314x10
-6
m
2
) is o
BC
= +159
MPa.
2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
F
i
f
t
h
E
d
i
t
i
o
n
Beer Johnston DeWolf Mazurek
1- 23
Pin Shearing Stresses
The cross-sectional area for pins at A, B,
and C,
2 6
2
2
m 10 491
2
mm 25
=
|
.
|
\
|
= = t tr A
MPa 102
m 10 491
N 10 50
2 6
3
,
=
= =
A
P
ave C
t
The force on the pin at C is equal to the
force exerted by the rod BC,
The pin at A is in double shear with a
total force equal to the force exerted by
the boom AB,
MPa 7 . 40
m 10 491
kN 20
2 6
,
=
= =
A
P
ave A
t
2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
F
i
f
t
h
E
d
i
t
i
o
n
Beer Johnston DeWolf Mazurek
1- 24
Divide the pin at B into sections to determine
the section with the largest shear force,
(largest) kN 25
kN 15
=
=
G
E
P
P
MPa 9 . 50
m 10 491
kN 25
2 6
,
=
= =
A
P
G
ave B
t
Evaluate the corresponding average
shearing stress,
Pin Shearing Stresses
2 2
20 15 +
2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
F
i
f
t
h
E
d
i
t
i
o
n
Beer Johnston DeWolf Mazurek
1- 25
Pin Bearing Stresses
To determine the bearing stress at A in the boom AB,
we have t = 30 mm and d = 25 mm,
( )( )
MPa 3 . 53
mm 25 mm 30
kN 40
= = =
td
P
b
o
To determine the bearing stress at A in the bracket,
we have t = 2(25 mm) = 50 mm and d = 25 mm,
( )( )
MPa 0 . 32
mm 25 mm 50
kN 40
= = =
td
P
b
o
