Writing Object Oriented Software with C#
C# and OOP
C# is designed for the .NET Framework
The
.NET Framework is Object Oriented
In C#
Your
access to the OS is through objects You have the ability to create first class objects The FCL is designed for extension and integration by your code
Defining Classes
class Name:BaseType{ // Members } Namespace NameName{ class Name:BaseType{ } } class MyType{ public static String someTypeState; public Int32 x; public Int32 y; }
Accessibility
In C#, private is the default accessibility Accessibilities options
public Accessible to all private Accessible to containing class protected Accessible to containing or derived classes internal Accessible to code in same assembly protected internal means protected or internal
Classes can be marked as public or internal
default they are private Accessible only to code in the same source module
By
Type Members in C#
Fields
The
state of an object or type
Methods
Constructors
Functions Properties
(smart fields)
Members come in two basic forms
Instance per object data and methods Default Static per type data and methods Use the static keyword
Methods
Declared inline with type definition
class MyType{ public Int32 SomeMethod(){ return x; } public static void StaticMethod(){ // Do something } }
No inline keyword, methods are inlined when appropriate by the JIT compiler
Properties
Methods that look like fields (smart fields)
class Point{ Int32 x; Int32 y; public Int32 X{ get{return x;} set{x = value;} } public Int32 Y{ get{return y;} set{y = value;} } }
Can have read-only or write-only properties
Demo Classes and Properties
Point-0.cs
Instance Constructors
Constructors are used to initialize fields You can implement simpler constructors in terms of more complex ones with the this keyword (suggested)
class Point{ Int32 x; Int32 y; public Point():this(0, 0){} public Point(Int32 x, Int32 y){ this.x = x; this.y = y; } }
You can indicate which base constructor to call
Use the base keyword
Type (static) Constructors
Type constructors are used to initialize static fields for a type Only one static constructor per type
Called
by the Common Language Runtime Guaranteed to be called before any reference to the type or an instance of the type Must have no parameters
Use the static keyword to indicate a type constructor
Derivation and Object
All types in the system are derived from Object You can specify a base class
Without
a base class the compiler assumes Object
Object reference variables are used as generic references
Collection
classes in the Framework Class Library
Object implements useful methods like
ToString(),
GetType() ReferenceEquals()
Polymorphism and Virtual Functions
Use the virtual keyword to make a method virtual In derived class, override method is marked with the override keyword Example
ToString() method in Object class
public virtual string ToString();
Example derived class overriding ToString() class SomeClass:Object{ public override String ToString(){ return Some String Representing State; } }
Polymorphism.cs
C# and Events
C# has built in support for events Great for dealing with objects in an event-driven operating system Improved performance and flexibility over an allvirtual-function solution More than one type can register interest in a single event A single type can register interest in any number of events
Handling an Event
EventHand.cs
using System; using System.Windows.Forms; class MyForm:Form{ MyForm(){ Button button = new Button(); button.Text = "Button"; button.Click += new EventHandler(HandleClick); Controls.Add(button); } void HandleClick(Object sender, EventArgs e){ MessageBox.Show("The Click event fired!"); } public static void Main(){ Application.Run(new MyForm()); } }
Demo EventHand.cs
Defining an Event
Based on a callback mechanism called a delegate
class EventInt{ Int32 val; public Int32 Value{ get{return val;} set{ if(Changed != null) Changed(value, val); val = value; } } public event Callback Changed; public delegate void Callback(Int32 newVal, Int32 oldVal); }
EventInt.cs
Callback Methods (Delegates)
Delegates.cs
using System; delegate void MyDelegate(String message); class App{ public static void Main(){ MyDelegate call = new MyDelegate(FirstMethod); call += new MyDelegate(SecondMethod); call("Message A"); call("Message B"); } static void FirstMethod(String str){ Console.WriteLine("1st method: "+str); } static void SecondMethod(String str){ Console.WriteLine("2nd method: "+str); } }
Interfaces
C# supports interfaces
Your
types can implement interfaces
Must implement all methods in the interface
You
can define custom interfaces
Interfaces can contain methods but no fields
Properties
and events included Constructors are not supported in interfaces
Use the interface keyword
interface Name{ // Members }
Sortable.cs
Operator Overloading and Type Conversion
C# allows you to write operator overload methods Called when a custom type is used in an expression with operators
Can
overload:
+, -, *, |, etc.
Can create custom cast methods
Implicitly
or explicitly convert your type to another type
Overloading.cs TypeConverters.cs
C# and OOP
C# and the .NET Framework promote component development
Can
use binary or pre-compiled objects More applications will use more components Creates a market for third-party component venders Strong security story allows for internet deployment of objects
C# has a great set of tools for the object oriented programmer
Writing Object Oriented Software with C#
