Technical Seminar Presentation - 2004
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
IP MULTICASTING
Presented by
Manas Ranjan Panda
Roll # CS200117174
Under the Guidance of
Mr. Debananda Kanhar
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Manas Ranjan Panda
Technical Seminar Presentation - 2004
INTRODUCTION
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
The TCP/IP family includes four types of distribution of a
packet from a single host:
Unicast : To one host
Normal IP- traffic
The packet is seen only by the receiving host
Broadcast : To all hosts on a network
When trying to find another host
The packet is seen by all hosts on the local network
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Manas Ranjan Panda
Technical Seminar Presentation - 2004
INTRODUCTION CONTD…
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
Anycast: To one host of a group of hosts
To access a resource that is served by several
computers
The packet is seen by one of the receiving hosts
Multicast:To a group of host
The packet is seen by all hosts in the group
The packet is only duplicated when needed
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Manas Ranjan Panda
Technical Seminar Presentation - 2004
PICTORIAL REPRESENTATION
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
A A A
B C D B C D B C D
UNICAST BROADCAST MULTICAST
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Technical Seminar Presentation - 2004
Flow of data in multiple unicasting
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B
Y
A X
C
Z D
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Manas Ranjan Panda
Technical Seminar Presentation - 2004
Flow of data in multicasting
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B
Y
A X
C
D
Z
E
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Manas Ranjan Panda
Technical Seminar Presentation - 2004
IP MULTICAST ADDRESSES
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
IP multicasting uses class D addresses
The first four bits are 1110
The remaining 28 bits specify a multicast group
Multicast addresses:
range is from 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255
lowest address 224.0.0.0 reserved
up to 224.0.0.255 for routing /group
maintenance
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Manas Ranjan Panda
Technical Seminar Presentation - 2004
IP MULTICAST ADDRESSES CONTD…
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
A multicast address
can only be used as a destination address
cannot appear in the source address field or in a
source route.
4 28 bits
class D 1110 Multicast Group ID
Total 2^28-256=268 million addresses
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Manas Ranjan Panda
Technical Seminar Presentation - 2004
MULTICAST SCOPE
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Members have scope
Members in a single network: scope is the
network
Members in a single organization: scope is
the organization
A host must have to join a specific group to receive
the traffic in that group but can send to a group
without joining.
Membership is controlled by the IGMP protocol.
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Manas Ranjan Panda
Technical Seminar Presentation - 2004
INTERNET GROUP MANAGEMENT
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
PROTOCOL(IGMP)
To participate in a multicast that spans multiple networks,
the host must inform local multicast routers
Local routers pass membership information to other
routers
IGMP is used to communicate group membership
information
It uses IP datagrams to carry messages
It is a standard for TCP/IP and is required on all
machines that receive IP multicast
IGMP is considered an integral part of IP, not separate
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Manas Ranjan Panda
Technical Seminar Presentation - 2004
INTERNET GROUP MANAGEMENT
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
PROTOCOL(IGMP)
IGMP has two phases
Phase 1: A host joins a multicast group
It sends an IGMP message declaring its membership
Local multicast routers receive the message and
propagate group membership information
Phase 2: Local multicast routers poll hosts to see who
the remaining members are
As long as at least one host responds, the router
keeps the group active
If none respond, the router stops advertising
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Manas Ranjan Panda
Technical Seminar Presentation - 2004
IGMPv1
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Stands for Internet Group Management Protocol
Manages multicast group membership
Runs between hosts and their immediate
neighboring router
Only two kinds of packets: query and report
Packet format
4 4 4 16 bits
vers ion type unus ed chec ks um
c las s D multic as t group addres s
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Manas Ranjan Panda
Technical Seminar Presentation - 2004
IGMPv2
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Adds an explicit Leave message
Routers can more easily determine when a
group has no interested listeners on a LAN
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Manas Ranjan Panda
Technical Seminar Presentation - 2004
Multicast Trees
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Paths define a forwarding tree, or a delivery tree
The tree contains no cycles
Each multicast router corresponds to a node in the tree
A network connecting the routers is an edge in the tree
The source of a datagram is the root
The last router on the path is a leaf
A forwarding tree defines a set of paths through multicast
routers from a source to all members of a multicast group
(size of tables is a concern)
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Technical Seminar Presentation - 2004
The Essence of Multicast Routing
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
A Multicast Router must have knowledge of group
membership
Group membership information must be propagated
across the internet
Because membership can change rapidly, information
at a given router is imperfect and routing may lag
changes
Design tradeoff: routing overhead and inefficient data
transmission
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Manas Ranjan Panda
Technical Seminar Presentation - 2004
Reverse Path Multicasting
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
• Underlying assumptions
– It is more important for a datagram to reach each
member of the group than it is to eliminate
unnecessary transmission
– Multicast routers contain a routing table with correct
information
– Needless transmission is eliminated when possible
• RPM uses a two-step process
– Copies of datagrams are broadcast to the internet
– Multicast routers inform each other of paths that don’t
lead to group members
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Manas Ranjan Panda
Technical Seminar Presentation - 2004
Reverse Path Multicasting
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
Membership information is propagated bottom-up
It starts with hosts that join or leave the group
Hosts communicate with their local router using IGMP
When a router learns that no group member lie beyond a
given network interface, it stops forwarding and notifies the
router on the path back to the root
When a router learns that there are no members along a path,
that path is pruned
The system is data-driven
A router does not send group information until datagrams
arrive for this group (data arrives and we know where to
send messages)
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Technical Seminar Presentation - 2004
RPF
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Stands for reverse path forwarding
Simple algorithm developed to avoid duplicate packets on
multi-access links
RPF algorithm takes advantage of the IP routing table to
compute a multicast tree for each source.
RPF check
When a multicast packet is received, note its source (S) and
interface (I)
If I belongs to the shortest path from S, forward to all interfaces
except I
If test in step 2 is false, drop the packet
Packet is never forwarded back out the RPF interface.
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Manas Ranjan Panda
Technical Seminar Presentation - 2004
IPv4 multicast routing protocols
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DVMRP (Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol)
PIM-DM (Protocol Independent Multicast, Dense Mode)
PIM-SM (Protocol Independent Multicast, Sparse Mode)
CBT (Core-Based Tree)
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Technical Seminar Presentation - 2004
DVMRP
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First multicast routing protocol ever deployed in the Internet
Each router maintains a ‘multicast routing table’ by
exchanging distance vector information among routers
Constructs a source tree for each group using reverse
path forwarding
There is a “designated forwarder” in each subnet
Multiple routers on the same LAN select designated
forwarder by lower metric or lower IP address (discover
when exchanging metric info.)
Once tree is created, it is used to forward messages from
source to receivers
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Manas Ranjan Panda
Technical Seminar Presentation - 2004
PIM-DM
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Similar to DVMRP
Floods multicasts out of all interfaces except the
source interface
Uses RPM
Prune message to eliminate unneeded branches
Protocol-independent
Needs to establish its own router-to-router dialogs
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Manas Ranjan Panda
Technical Seminar Presentation - 2004
PIM-SM
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
Designed to provide efficient communication between
members of sparsely distributed groups
Rendezvous point (RP) are used by senders to
announce their existence and by receivers to learn
about new senders of a group
Requires host group members explicitly join a
delivery tree by transmitting Join message
One set of RPs per sparse-mode domain, not per
group.
Each group has precisely one RP at any given time.
DR sends Join/Prune messages toward the RP and
maintain the active RP
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Technical Seminar Presentation - 2004
CBT
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Construct a single tree shared by a Group
Protocol independent
Core router equivalent to RP
CBT state bi-directional
Data flows in either direction along the branch
Advantage
Less traffic
Better scalability
Disadvantage
Bottleneck at CR
Single point failure
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Manas Ranjan Panda
Technical Seminar Presentation - 2004
Protocol Independent Multicast (PIM)
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
PIM consists of two protocols
PIM Dense Mode (PIM-DM)
Most networks have hosts that listen to each multicast group
Uses RPF to broadcast datagrams to every group
Strops sending when it receives prune requests
Assumes router also uses conventional routing protocols
PIM Sparse Mode (PIM-SM)
Members of multicast groups occupy a small subset of possible
networks
Like CBT, requires a point to which joins are sent
Builds a forwarding tree, trees rooted at rendezvous point
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Manas Ranjan Panda
Technical Seminar Presentation - 2004
MULTICAST APPLICATIONS
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Multicast Videoconferencing
Multicast Newsfeeds
Multicast Access to On-Demand Services
Non-media Applications
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Manas Ranjan Panda
Technical Seminar Presentation - 2004
REFERENCES
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
[1] Banikazemi, Mohammad “IP Multicasting: Concepts, Algorithms, and
Protocols”
http://www.cis.ohio-state.edu/~jain/cis788-97/ip_multicast/index.htm
[2] Juan-Mariano de Goyeneche, “Multicast over TCP/IP HOWTO”
http://www.tascnets.com/mist/doc/mcpCompare.html.
[3] Williamson, Beau. “Developing IP Multicast Networks” Indianapolis: Cisco
Press,2000. Multicast Quick Start Configuration Guide
http://www.cisco.com/warp/customer/105/48.html
[4] Dave Price, Sandy Spence, University of Wales”JANET Technical
Guides”
http://www.ja.net/documents/
[5] Forouzan Behrouz A. , Data Communications and Networking, 2nd edition,
TATA McGRAW-HILL Edition
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Manas Ranjan Panda
Technical Seminar Presentation - 2004
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
Thank you !
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Manas Ranjan Panda
