ECIV 325
Introduction to Steel Design Instructor Dr. Dimitris C. Rizos [email protected]
Steel Structures
Steel Structures
Steel Structures
Steel Structures
Steel Structures
Steel Structures
GENERAL DESIGN PROCEDURES
Problem Definition
Service Functions
Economy
Location Surface & Subsurface Conditions Infrastructure Environmental Impact etc Constraints
Material Availability Zoning Requirements
Design It Right the First Time
Construction Expertise
...
General Design Procedures
Geometric/Architectural Design
Altern. 1
Altern. 2
Altern. 3
Altern. n
Economy
Design It Right the First Time
Final Layout
Floorplans Elevations etc
Alternate Use
General Design Procedures
Preliminary Structural Design
Altern. 1
Altern. 2
Altern. 3
Altern. n
Prliminary Design: Location and arrangement of load bearing elements, columns, beams, footings etc., Sizing of structural elements for safety and serviceability Architectural Constraints - Simplicity & Duplication - Fabrication & Construction Procedures Economy: Add preliminary $ value to each design
Select Alternative for Final Design
General Design Procedures
FINAL DESIGN Sizing of Members Design of Details Design Drawings* (Blueprints) Bill of Materials Total Cost
*Design
Drawings Complete and Easy to Read Detailing for Steel Construction Engineering for Steel Construction
AISC:
Preliminary/Final Design
Define External Loads Estimate/Assume Initial Size of Structural Elements Calculate Self Weigth Structural Analysis Select New Sizes
Check Design (Codes & Specs)
Safe Functional Economic
NO
YES O.K.
Structural Design
Safety Seviceability Economy Practicality
ECIV 325 OBJECTIVE
FOCUS ON DESIGN OF COMPONENTS Steel Structural Members
Tension Members Compression Members (Columns) Beams Beam-Columns Connections
Sructural Steel Typical Composition
Composition % Element
Carbon (C) Manganese (Mn) Phosphorus (P) Sulfur (S) Silicon (Si) Copper (Cu) Nickel (Ni) Chromium (Cr) Vanadium (V) Molybdenum (Mo) Aluminum (Al) Nitrogen (N)
HPS 50W and 70W
0.11 max 1.10-1.35 0.020 max 0.006 max 0.30-0.50 0.25-0.40 0.25-0.40 0.45-0.70 0.04-0.08 0.02-0.08 0.01-0.04 0.015 max
HPS 100W
0.08 max 0.90-1.50 0.015 max 0.005 max 0.40 max 0.90-1.20 0.65-1.00 0.40-0.65 0.05-0.07 0.40-0.65 -
Mild Steel A36
0.25-0.29 1.20 max 0.04 max 0.05 max 0.15-0.40 0.20 min (when specified) -
Structural Steel - Properties
Elastic Limit: Transition from elastic to inelastic behavior
Yield Point: Stress Fy at the elastic limit
Elastic Modulus: Slope of elastic part of curve E~29,000 ksi (200,000 Mpa)
Structural Steel - Properties
Yield Point: Stress Fy at the elastic limit
Ult. Tens. Str: Fu is the maximum stress developed in the inelastic zone
Structural Steel - Properties
Residual Strain: Permanent deformation after unloading
Structural Steel - Properties
If Yield Point not Clearly Defined 0.2% Method
Draw line parallel to elastic part
0.2% Strain
Structural Steel - Characteristics
Elasticity: Ability of metal to return to its original shape after loading and subsequent unloading
Fatigue:
Cycling loading and unloading stresses material above its endurance limit and leads to failure
Ductility:
Deformation without fracture beyond the elastic limit (ineleastic behavior) High Ductility
Toughness: Combination of strength and ductility High toughness
Structural Steel - Characteristics
Maintenance: Susceptible to Corrosion when exposed to air and water Use paints, or weathering steels Strength reduces with increased temperature Fireproofing required
Fireproofing:
Structural Steel - Sections
Typical Hot Rolled Steel Shapes
See AISC Manual PART 1 Section Properties and other shapes
Structural Steel - Sections
Typical Cold-Formed Light Gage Steel Shapes
See LRFD Manual for other sections
Structural Steel - Sections
Built-Up Members
Structural Steel - Characteristics
Buckling: Instability due to slenderness
Structural Steel
Idealized Case: Real Life:
Material Properties - Uniaxial Cases Multiaxial scenarios determine material strength
UNCERTAINTIES
DESIGN MUST ADDRESS UNDERSTRENGTH
Design Loads
Most important and difficult task is the accurate estimation of loads applied to a structure over its life
Second most difficult is to determine load combinations
Design Loads - Types
Dead Loads
Self Weight Loads Permanantly Attached
Walls Floor Roof Plumbing Fixtures etc
Live Loads
Occupancy - Floor Loads Snow & Ice Rain Traffic Loads for Bridges Impact Loads Lateral Loads
Wind Earthquakes
Easier to determine but are not known a priori
Other
Occupancy - Floor Loads
Specified by building codes
Check Local (state) specs and requirements
In the absence of any available codes refer to:
ASCE Standard 7 Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures SEI/ASCE 7-05
Typical Variation
40-250 psf
Snow & Ice
Depend On
Location Slope of Roofs
Typical Variation
10 psf (45o slope) - 100 psf (North Main)
Account for
Snow Drift Increased wind loads due to increased surface area of ice coated members
Rain Loads
More sever on flat roofs
ponding
Geometric Design for Draining
Allow for 0.25 in/ft slope with good drainage facilities
Bridges - Traffic Loads
American Association of Highway and Transportation Officials
AASHTO
American Railway Engineering Association
AREA
Truck and Lane Load Impact Longitudinal
Lateral Loads - Wind
Depend On
geographic location height above ground types of terrain including surrounding buildings percentage of openings
Effects
Severe Effects on tall buildings & long flexible structures
Reference
ASCE Wind Forces on Structures, Transactions ASCE 126 Uniform Building Code
Lateral Loads - Earthquakes
Depend On
geographic location - area seismicity soil conditions dynamic properties and characteristics of structure
Analysis & Design
Dynamic Equiv. Static :Horizontal Loads associated to the mass of the structure Bracing, Special Connections, Design for Shear etc.
Other Loads
Soil Pressures Hydrostatic Pressures Blast Thermal Forces Centrifugal Forces (trucks on curved bridges)
Loads - References
ASCE Minimum design loads for buildings and other structures SEI/ASCE 7-05 NY Specifications for Steel Railway Bridges (AREA 1980) Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges (AASHTO)
ICC IBC-2006 2006 International Building Code International Code Council (formerly BOCA, ICBO, and SBCCI)
Design Loads
Real Life:
Design loads difficult to predict
UNCERTAINTIES
DESIGN MUST ADDRESS OVERLOAD
ASSIGNEMENT
READING Chapter 1
Homework
1.5-3, 1.5-6
