Asssociation Rules
Prof. Sin-Min Lee Department of Computer Science
Medical
Association Rules -Cholesterol level -> Heart condition
Real Application in medicine : The discovery of interesting association relationships among huge amount of gene mutation can help in determining the cause of mutation in tumours and diseases.
Examples.
form: Body ead [support, confidence]. buys(x, diapers) buys(x, beers) [0.5%, 60%] major(x, CS) ^ takes(x, DB) grade(x, A) [1%, 75%]
Rule
Support
Simplest question: find sets of items that appear frequently in the baskets. Support for itemset I = the number of baskets containing all items in I. Given a support threshold s, sets of items that appear in > s baskets are called frequent itemsets.
Example
Items={milk, coke, pepsi, beer, juice}. Support = 3 baskets. B1 = {m, c, b} B2 = {m, p, j} B3 = {m, b} B4 = {c, j} B5 = {m, p, b} B6 = {m, c, b, j} B7 = {c, b, j} B8 = {b, c} Frequent itemsets: {m}, {c}, {b}, {j}, {m, b}, {c, b}, {j, c}.
Applications --- (1)
Real market baskets: chain stores keep terabytes of information about what customers buy together.
Tells how typical customers navigate stores, lets them position tempting items. Suggests tie-in tricks, e.g., run sale on diapers and raise the price of beer.
High support needed, or no $$s .
Applications --- (2)
Baskets = documents; items = words in those documents.
Lets us find words that appear together unusually frequently, i.e., linked concepts.
Baskets = sentences, items = documents containing those sentences.
Items that appear together too often could represent plagiarism.
Applications --- (3)
Baskets = Web pages; items = linked pages.
Pairs of pages with many common references may be about the same topic.
Baskets = Web pages p ; items = pages that link to p .
Pages with many of the same links may be mirrors or about the same topic.
Association Rules
If-then rules about the contents of baskets. {i1, i2,,ik} j means: if a basket contains all of i1,,ik then it is likely to contain j. Confidence of this association rule is the probability of j given i1,,ik.
Example
+ B1 = {m, c, b} _ B3 = {m, b} _
B5 = {m, p, b} B7 = {c, b, j}
B2 = {m, p, j} B4 = {c, j} + B6 = {m, c, b, j} B8 = {b, c}
An association rule: {m, b} c.
Confidence = 2/4 = 50%.
Interest
The interest of an association rule is the absolute value of the amount by which the confidence differs from what you would expect, were items selected independently of one another.
Example
B1 = {m, c, b} B3 = {m, b} B5 = {m, p, b} B7 = {c, b, j} B2 = {m, p, j} B4 = {c, j} B6 = {m, c, b, j} B8 = {b, c}
For association rule {m, b} c, item c appears in 5/8 of the baskets. Interest = | 2/4 - 5/8 | = 1/8 --- not very interesting.
Relationships Among Measures
Rules with high support and confidence may be useful even if they are not interesting.
We dont care if buying bread causes people to buy milk, or whether simply a lot of people buy both bread and milk.
But high interest suggests a cause that might be worth investigating.
Finding Association Rules
A typical question: find all association rules with support s and confidence c.
Note: support of an association rule is the support of the set of items it mentions.
Hard part: finding the high-support (frequent ) itemsets.
Checking the confidence of association rules involving those sets is relatively easy.
Nave Algorithm
A simple way to find frequent pairs is:
Read file once, counting in main memory the occurrences of each pair.
Expand each basket of n items into its pairs. n (n -1)/2
Fails if #items-squared exceeds main memory.
A-Priori Algorithm --- (1)
A two-pass approach called a-priori limits the need for main memory. Key idea: monotonicity : if a set of items appears at least s times, so does every subset.
Contrapositive for pairs: if item i does not appear in s baskets, then no pair including i can appear in s baskets.
A-Priori Algorithm --- (2)
Pass 1: Read baskets and count in main memory the occurrences of each item.
Requires only memory proportional to #items.
Pass 2: Read baskets again and count in main memory only those pairs both of which were found in Pass 1 to be frequent.
Requires memory proportional to square of frequent items only.
Picture of A-Priori
Item counts Frequent items
Counts of candidate pairs
Pass 1
Pass 2
Detail for A-Priori
You can use the triangular matrix method with n = number of frequent items.
Saves space compared with storing triples.
Trick: number frequent items 1,2, and keep a table relating new numbers to original item numbers.
Frequent Triples, Etc.
For each k, we construct two sets of k tuples:
Ck = candidate k tuples = those that might be frequent sets (support > s ) based on information from the pass for k 1. Lk = the set of truly frequent k tuples.
C1
Filter
L1
Construct
C2
Filter
L2
Construct
C3
First pass
Second pass
A-Priori for All Frequent Itemsets
One pass for each k. Needs room in main memory to count each candidate k tuple. For typical market-basket data and reasonable support (e.g., 1%), k = 2 requires the most memory.
Frequent Itemsets --- (2)
C1 = all items L1 = those counted on first pass to be frequent. C2 = pairs, both chosen from L1. In general, Ck = k tuples each k 1 of which is in Lk-1. Lk = those candidates with support s.
