Water Resources of the world
Water Resources of the world
Over the last century
Human population has increased 3x Global water withdrawal has increased 7x Per capita water withdrawal has increased 4x
About one-sixth of the worlds people don't have easy access to safe water
Most water resources are owned by Government and are managed as publicly owned resources
Use of Water Resources in Pakistan
PAKISTAN
Agriculture
5% 2%
Industry
Domestic
Industry
Public
1 2 3
Agriculture
93%
Principal source of drinking water
GROUND WATER
Most of the rural areas and many major cities rely on it, although some cities such as Islamabad, Karachi, Hyderabad etc, get water from a number of other sources
About 80% of Punjab has fresh Groundwater
In Sindh, less than 30% of groundwater is fresh
In Khyber Pukhtoonkhwa, increasing abstraction has resulted in wells now reaching into saline layers
Balochistan also has saline groundwater
Ground Water cycle
Flowing artesian well Precipitation Well requiring a pump Confined Recharge Area Evaporation and transpiration Evaporation
Runoff
Aquifer
Stream Lake Infiltration Unconfined aquifer
Infiltration
Water table
Less permeable material such as clay
Confined aquifer Confirming permeable rock layer
Problems Using Groundwater
Water Table Lowering
Depletion
SALTWATER INTRUSION is the movement of saline
water into fresh water aquifers
Reduced Stream Flow
The drying up of wells
Groundwater in the sub basin of Quetta would be exhausted by 2016
In Islamabad, the drop has been 50 feet between 1986 and 2001
In Lahore, the drop has been about 20 feet between 1993 and 2001.
Punjab has the best rural water supply The vast majority of the rural population has either piped water or water from a hand pump or motor pump.
Rural Water Supply in Pakistan
Only 7 % of the rural population depends
on a dug well or a river, canal or stream.
Sindh is considerably worse: some 24% of the rural population depend on these sources
Situation in Khyber Pukhtoonkhwa is worse still 46%
In Balochistan, 72% of the rural population depend on dug well or from a river/canal/stream
Human Water Needs
A person needs about 1 gallon water/day for hydration
In the Pakistan each person uses about 188 gallons/day
An additional 657 gallons/person/day are used for irrigation, industrial use
If worlds water supply were 100 liters, the usable supply would be about 0.5 tsp
US has highest per capita water withdrawal, followed by Canada, Australia, Russia, Japan
Water Condition in Pakistan
Pakistan has decreased from 5,000 in 1951 to 1000 cubic meter per Annum in 2010
2010 and 2025 have reached 173 million and 267 million respectively
The situation could get worse in areas where it is already below 1000m3 per head
WATER AVAILABILITY
Per Capita Water Availability
Years 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2000 2013 2025 Population (million) 34 46 65 84 115 148 207 267 Per Capita Availability (m3) 5000 3950 2700 2100 1600 1200 850 659
WATER AVAILABILITY IN PAKISTAN
The water Shortage
The water shortage in the agriculture sector is another serious issue. 29% for the year 2010 and 33% for 2025.
Today groundwater contributes a merely 48% of the water available
The hike in the cost of electricity in 1990s and the development of new technologies have led to a considerable increase of diesel pumps whose numbers have grown 6 times over the last 30 years. (SOE 2005)
WATER QUALITY IN PAKISTAN
WATER QUALITY IN PAKISTAN
Domestic and Industrial waste are discharged directly or indirectly in fresh water Only 3 waste treatment plants are present in Pakistan Only some 8% of urban wastewater is treated in municipal treatment plants. In Sindh 95% of shallow groundwater supplies are bacteriologically contaminated In Punjab, approximately 36% of the population is exposed Arsenic (10ppb)
Pakistan
Pakistan
Rapid increase in Population Urbanization Industrial Development
Non development of Water resources
Extended Drought
Sources of water pollution
Sources of water pollution
Municipal Sewage Industrial Water Pollution Agriculture Water Pollution
Municipal Sewage
It has been estimated that around 2,000 million gallons of sewage is being discharged to surface water bodies every day in Pakistan (Pak-SCEA 2006)
NCS states that 40% of death are related to water born diseases
Drinking Water Supply Lines Conditions in Pakistan
Water is contaminated with Lead PCBs Cyanides Mercury Hospital Waste Pharma Waste
It is estimated that 50% Nationally (less than 20% in many rural areas), with only about 10% of collected sewage is effectively treated
Industrial Water Pollution
Most industries in the country are located in or around major cities and are recognized as key sources of increasing pollution in natural streams, rivers, as well as the Arabian Sea to which the toxic effluents are discharged
Major Industrial Contributors to Water Pollution in Pakistan
Petrochemicals, Paper and pulp, Food processing, Sugar, Textile, Cement and fertilizer produce more than 80% of the total industrial effluents
Sugarcane Based Industry
A major cause of industrial water pollution due to discharge of wastewater containing high pollutant concentrations
Several hundred thousand tons of wastewater is generated per day
In Pakistan, only 1% of wastewater is treated by industries before being discharged directly into rivers and drains
Tanneries
It may take hundreds or even thousands of years for pollutants such as toxic metals from the tanneries to be flushed out of a contaminated aquifer
In K.P, 80,000 m3 of industrial effluents containing a very high level of pollutants are discharged every day into the river Kabul
In Karachi, Sindh Industrial Trading Estate (SITE) and Korangi Industrial and Trading Estate (KITE), two of the biggest industrial estates in Pakistan, there is no effluent treatment plant and the waste containing hazardous materials, heavy metals, oil etc. is discharged into rivers.
In Multan, a fertilizer factory discharges its waste untreated to cultivated land causing death of livestock and increasing health risk to humans. (WB-CWRAS Paper 8, 2005)
In Lahore, only 3 out of some 100 industries using hazardous chemicals treat their wastewater. Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) levels in water courses receiving these wastes are as high as 800mg/l and Mercury levels over 5 mg/l
In Faisalabad, one of the biggest industrial cities, there is little segregation of domestic and industrial wastes
Agriculture Water Pollution
According NWP, the irrigation network of Pakistan is the largest infrastructural approximately $ 300 billion of investment, 25% to the country's GDP. provides 90 % of food and fiber The remaining 10 % arid.
This includes runoff and leaching Fertilizers xcv pesticide drift and volatilization erosion and dust from cultivation, animal manure
The study revealed that in Punjab, Sindh and Balochistan and all drains were carrying saline and sodic waters due to high values of Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) and Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC) and all of them also had very high values for Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and Biological Oxygen Demand(BOD).
The contribution of agricultural drainage to the overall contamination of the water resources exists but is marginal compared to the industrial and domestic pollution. For example, in Sindh, the pollution of water due to irrigation is only 3.21% of the total Pollution (SOE 2005)
Source of contamination of Water Pollution
Point sources Nonpoint sources
Point and Non point
NONPOINT SOURCES
Rural homes
Urban streets
Cropland
Animal feedlot
Suburban development POINT SOURCES
Factory
Wastewater treatment plant
Classification of the Cause of Water Pollution
Inorganic Water Pollution Organic Water Pollution
Inorganic Pollutants
Pre-production industrial raw material
Heavy metals including acid mine drainage
Inorganic Pollutants
Chemical waste as industrial by-products
Acidity due to industrial discharges like sulphur dioxide
Fertilizers in runoff from agriculture including nitrates and phosphates
Phosphates and Nitrates
Phosphatesmostly a result of sewage outflow and from Fertilizer, phosphate detergents
Nitratessewage and fertilizers
The combustion of coal leads to the release of mercury in the atmosphere. This enters the rivers, lakes and groundwater. This is very hazardous for pregnant women and infants
gdg
Arsenic Toxicity
Arsenic contamination is also becoming a serious problem. In Sindh and the Punjab, approximately 36% of the population is exposed to a level of contamination higher than 10ppb 16% is exposed to contamination of 50ppb. (SOE 2005)
Investigations revealed the presence of
excessive arsenic in many cities of Punjab (Multan, Sheikhupura, Lahore, Kasur, Gujranwala & Bahawalpur) Sindh (Dadu & Khairpur) provinces. The concentration of arsenic was found to be 50ppb five times higher that the prescribed limit of 10 ppb by WHO.
(PCRWR)
Organic water pollution
Bacteria from sewage or livestock operation
Food processing waste,which can include oxygen demand substance like fat
Petroleum hydrocarbons like Diesel, Gasoline, Jet fuel, Motor oil, Detergents
Disinfection by products found in chemically Disinfected drinking water, such as chloroform
Pesticides
some commonly used pesticides Chlorinated hydrocarbons DDT,2-15 years Organophosphates 1-2weeks Carbamates ---days to weeks
Scale of Pesticide Use in Pakistan
Since 1950 to 1990: 50-fold increase in pesticide use Most present pesticides are 10-100 x more toxic than those used in 1950s As there has been a fourfold increase in the use of Pesticide per year from 1990 to 2000
Each Year in the Pakistan
About 45 thousands tones of pesticides are used About 2500 commercial pesticide products Use of pesticides is increasing at the rate of 25% per year
Case Study
In 107 samples of groundwater collected from across the country between 1988 and 2000 31 samples were found to have contamination of pesticides beyond FAO/WHO safety limits. A pilot project was undertaken in 1990-91 in Samundari, Faisalabad In an analysis of 10 groundwater samples drawn from a depth of 1015 m Seven were contaminated with one or more pesticides (PCRWR, 1991)
Herbicides
Some Common Pesticides and Their Effects
Triazines,
(interfere with photosynthesis) Phenoxy compounds, N compounds (create excess growth hormones) Dalapon (kill soil microorganisms)
Pollution of Lakes
Eutrophication Results
Ocean Pollution
Oil Spills Pollution
Sources of pollution: offshore wells, tankers, pipelines and storage tanks
Effects
Loss of animal buoyancy
Loss of animal insulation
Death of organisms
HEALTH ISSUES RELATED TO WATER POLLUTION
As per USAID report, an estimated 250,000 child deaths occur each year in Pakistan due to water-borne disease. The WHO reports that 25-30% of all hospital admissions are connected to water borne bacterial and parasitic conditions, with 60% of infant deaths caused by water infections. Small rural areas in Sindh do not receive adequately-treated water Of course, major cities, like Karachi, get contaminated water.
Pollutant
Source/Cause
Effect Oxygen depletion Spread of diseases/ epidemics
Sewage that includes domestic Sewerage of rural and urban wastes, hospital wastes, areas. excreta, etc.
Metals-Mercury
Industrial wastes
Minamata disease - causes numbness of limbs, lips and tongue, blurred vision, deafness and mental derangement.
Lead
Industrial wastes
Absorbed into blood and affects PBCs, liver, kidney, bone, brain and the peripheral nervous system. Lead poisoning can even lead to coma.
Deposited in organs like the kidney, pancreas, liver, intestinal mucosa, etc. Cadmium poisoning causes headache, vomiting, bronchial pneumonia, kidney necrosis, etc.
Cadmium
Cadmium industries, Fertilizers
Arsenic
Fertilizers
Arsenic poisoning causes renal failure and death, It can cause nerve disorder, kidney and liver disorders, muscular atrophy, etc.
Agrochemicals like DDT
Pesticides
Accumulates in the bodies of fishes, birds, mammals including man. Adversely affects the nervous system, fertility. Causes thinning of egg shells in birds.
Damage Kidney
Wastes
Mining and Smelting Industries
Nitrates/Nitrogen Trihalomethane(Trihalomethan es are a group of organic chemicals formed in water when chlorine reacts with natural organic matter (such as humic acids from decaying vegetation). Humic acids are present in all natural water used as sources of drinking water)
Pesticides
Blue Baby Syndrome
Decaying Plant Material
cause cancers of colon, rectum and bladder
PREVENTING AND REDUCING SURFACE WATER POLLUTION
Solutions:
Nonpoint Sources
Reduce runoff Buffer zone vegetation Reduce soil erosion
Point Sources
Pakistans Environmental Protection Act National Drinking Water Policy
REDUCING NONPOINT SOURCE OF WATER POLLUTION
As the runoff moves, it picks up and carries ways natural and human-made pollutants, finally depositing them into lakes, rivers, ground water etc
Infiltration trenches, which are rock-filled trenches in which stormwater is stored in the voids of the stones, and then slowly filters back into groundwater; Downspout diversion programs (i.e., allowing domestic gutters to discharge to lawns or other unpaved areas instead of being connected to the sewers Permeable or porous pavements for roads and parking lots Swales (i.e., grass depressions that catch runoff from impermeable surfaces and slowly filter it back into groundwater) Wide filter or buffer strips of natural vegetation: grass or woodland, usually located between paved areas and the watercourse to slow flows and remove pollutants Infiltration basins that hold surface water, allowing it to infiltrate the soil gradually; and retention ponds or permanently wet ponds that retain surface runoff
The Buffer Zone is that strip of vegetation located between developed land and a lake, stream Function as filters by reducing nitrogen from agricultural runoff by 68% Function to filter approx 8085% phosphate Function to enhance infilteration of surface runoff
Increased level of nitrogen and phosphorus, along with higher sediment loads, are the leading contributors to reduce water quality Soil Erosion can be controlled by using management practices like Conservation tillage, residue management, grassed waterways, terraces, conservation buffers, crop rotation and contour farming
REDUCTING POINT SOURCE WATER POLLUTION
Pakistan Enviornmental Protection Act (PEPA) describes the functions of Enviornmental Protection Agency (EPA) PEPA advises EPA to establish standards for discharge and emission of ambient water, coordinate enviornmental policies and programmes, nationally and internationally, designate laboratories for conducting tests and analysis for monitoring, measurement, examination, investigation, research, inspection and audits to prevent and control pollution
It provides a framework for addressing the key issues and challenges facing Pakistan in the provision of safe drinking water to the people Its targets include
To provide safe drinking water to 93% of the population in 2015 To provide at least one hand pump for every 250 persons To establish water treatment plants in all urban areas by the year 2015 To ensure water quality standards
WATER TREATMENT
Physical and biological treatment
Fig. 22-16 p. 511
Uses physical and chemical processes
Removes nitrate and phosphate
Expensive
Not widely used
Measure Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) Chemical Analysis Indicator Species
Dissolved Oxygen exist in very low concentrations
If dissolved oxygen concentrations drop below 5ppm, fish will be unable to live for very long
All clean water species such as trout or salmon will die well above this level and even low oxygen fish such as catfish and carp will be at risk below 5ppm
Conductivity
Dissolved Oxygen Nitrate Phosphate Pesticides
Conductivity is linked directly to the total dissolved solids (T.D.S) High quality deionized water has a conductivity of about 5.5 S/m Typical drinking water in the range of 5-50mS/m Seawater has conductivity about 5S/m
It is the relative measure of the amount of oxygen dissolved in water In freshwater, under atmospheric pressure at 20C, O2 saturation is 9.1mg/L
In freshwater close to land, nitrate can reach high levels that can cause death of fish Levels over 30ppm of nitrate can inhibit growth, impair the immune system in aquatic species
Phosphate availability may govern the rate of growth of organisms Which result in Eutrophication and the collapse of populations of some organisms at the expense of others
Pesticides surface runoff into rivers and streams can be highly lethal to aquatic life Pesticides kill zooplankton, the main source of food for young fish Herbicides kill off plants on which fish depend for their habitat
Water pollution can be measured without using expensive equipment by simply counting the number of animals living in a stream If, all of a sudden, all the fish leave a stream then it might be a sign that there is some pollution in water Mayfly are a very good indicator of water quality. They can only survive in the cleanest conditions If a site has population of sewage worms or tubificids, this suggests that water quality has been degraded by input of sewage
SOLUTION OF WATER POLLUTION
Solutions Water Pollution
Prevent groundwater contamination Greatly reduce nonpoint runoff Reuse treated wastewater for irrigation Find substitutes for toxic pollutants Work with nature to treat sewage Practice four R's of resource use (refuse, reduce, recycle, reuse) Reduce resource waste Reduce Soil Erosion
Questions
We thanks to all those teachers who encourage us but Our sincere thanks to: Mam RAZIA for there guidance, Mam SAIMA GUL, who gave a lot of time for correction without them this was difficult task for us
