Design of SeismicResistant Steel Building Structures

Brief Overview

Prepared by: Michael D. Engelhardt University of Texas at Austin with the support of the American Institute of Steel Construction.
Version 1 - March 2007

Design of Seismic-Resistant Steel Building Structures: A Brief Overview

Earthquake Effects on Structures

Performance of Steel Buildings in Past Earthquakes Importance of Ductility

Design Earthquake Forces: ASCE-7

Steel Seismic Load Resisting Systems AISC Seismic Provisions

Design of Seismic-Resistant Steel Building Structures: A Brief Overview

Earthquake Effects on Structures Performance of Steel Buildings in Past Earthquakes Building Code Philosophy for Earthquake-Resistant Design

and Importance of Ductility

Design Earthquake Forces: ASCE-7 Steel Seismic Load Resisting Systems

AISC Seismic Provisions

Building Acceleration

Building: Mass = m

Ground Acceleration

F = ma
Earthquake Forces on Buildings: Inertia Force Due to Accelerating Mass

Design of Seismic-Resistant Steel Building Structures: A Brief Overview

Earthquake Effects on Structures Performance of Steel Buildings in Past Earthquakes Building Code Philosophy for Earthquake-Resistant Design

and Importance of Ductility

Design Earthquake Forces: ASCE-7 Steel Seismic Load Resisting Systems

AISC Seismic Provisions

Landslides Other Causes Collapse of Timber Buildings

Collapse of RC Buildings

Collapse of RC Buildings

Landslides

Fire

Collapse of Masonry Buildings

Other Causes

Collapse of Masonry Buildings

Collapse of Timber Buildings

Fire

Earthquake Fatalities: 1900 - 1949 (795,000 Fatalities)

Earthquake Fatalities: 1950 - 1990 (583,000 Fatalities)

Causes of Earthquake Fatalities: 1900 to 1990

Design of Seismic-Resistant Steel Building Structures: A Brief Overview

Earthquake Effects on Structures Performance of Steel Buildings in Past Earthquakes Building Code Philosophy for Earthquake-Resistant Design

and Importance of Ductility

Design Earthquake Forces: ASCE-7 Steel Seismic Load Resisting Systems

AISC Seismic Provisions

Conventional Building Code Philosophy for Earthquake-Resistant Design

Objective:

Prevent collapse in the extreme earthquake likely to occur at a building site.

Objectives are not to: - limit damage - maintain function - provide for easy repair

To Survive Strong Earthquake without Collapse:

Design for Ductile Behavior

Ductility = Inelastic Deformation

yield

failure

Ductility Factor =

failure

yield

H
Helastic

3/4 *Helastic

1/2 *Helastic

Strength Reqd Ductility

1/4 *Helastic

MAX

Ductility in Steel Structures: Yielding

Nonductile Failure Modes: Fracture or Instability

Ductility = Yielding Failure = Fracture or Instability

Developing Ductile Behavior:

Choose frame elements ("fuses") that will yield in an earthquake.

Detail "fuses" to sustain large inelastic deformations prior to the onset of fracture or instability (i.e. , detail fuses for ductility).
Design all other frame elements to be stronger than the fuses, i.e., design all other frame elements to develop the plastic capacity of the fuses.

Key Elements of Seismic-Resistant Design

Required Lateral Strength ASCE-7:

Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures

Detailing for Ductility AISC:

Seismic Provisions for Structural Steel Buildings

Design of Seismic-Resistant Steel Building Structures: A Brief Overview

Earthquake Effects on Structures Performance of Steel Buildings in Past Earthquakes Building Code Philosophy for Earthquake-Resistant Design

and Importance of Ductility

Design Earthquake Forces: ASCE-7 Steel Seismic Load Resisting Systems

AISC Seismic Provisions

Design EQ Loads Total Lateral Force per ASCE 7-05:

V Cs W
V = total design lateral force or shear at base of structure W = effective seismic weight of building

CS = seismic response coefficient

Design EQ Loads Total Lateral Force per ASCE 7-05:

V CSW
SD1 R T I SD1TL 2 R T I
for T TL

SDS CS R I
SDS = design spectral acceleration at short periods SD1 = design spectral acceleration at 1-second period

for T > TL

I = importance factor T = fundamental period of building TL = long period transition period R = response modification coefficient

R factors for Selected Steel Systems (ASCE 7):

SMF
IMF OMF

(Special Moment Resisting Frames):

(Intermediate Moment Resisting Frames): (Ordinary Moment Resisting Frames):

R=8
R = 4.5 R = 3.5

EBF

(Eccentrically Braced Frames):

R = 8 or 7
R=6 R = 3.25

SCBF (Special Concentrically Braced Frames): OCBF (Ordinary Concentrically Braced Frames):

BRBF (Buckling Restrained Braced Frame):

SPSW (Special Plate Shear Walls):

R = 8 or 7
R=7

Undetailed Steel Systems in Seismic Design Categories A, B or C (AISC Seismic Provisions not needed)

R=3

Design of Seismic-Resistant Steel Building Structures: A Brief Overview

Earthquake Effects on Structures Performance of Steel Buildings in Past Earthquakes Building Code Philosophy for Earthquake-Resistant Design

and Importance of Ductility

Design Earthquake Forces: ASCE-7 Steel Seismic Load Resisting Systems

AISC Seismic Provisions

Seismic Load Resisting Systems for Steel Buildings

Moment Resisting Frames Concentrically Braced Frames Eccentrically Braced Frames Buckling Restrained Braced Frames Special Plate Shear Walls

MOMENT RESISTING FRAME (MRF)

Beams and columns with moment resisting connections; resist lateral forces by flexure and shear in beams and columns - i.e. by frame action.

Develop ductility primarily by flexural yielding of the beams:

Advantages Architectural Versatility High Ductility and Safety

Disadvantages
Low Elastic Stiffness

Moment Resisting Frame

Inelastic Response of a Steel Moment Resisting Frame

Concentrically Braced Frames (CBFs)

Beams, columns and braces arranged to form a vertical truss. Resist lateral earthquake forces by truss action.

Develop ductility through inelastic action in braces. - braces yield in tension - braces buckle in compression

Advantages
- high elastic stiffness Disadvantages - less ductile than other systems (SMFs, EBFs, BRBFs) - reduced architectural versatility

Types of CBFs

Single Diagonal

Inverted V- Bracing

V- Bracing

X- Bracing

Two Story X- Bracing

Inelastic Response of CBFs under Earthquake Loading

Inelastic Response of CBFs under Earthquake Loading

Tension Brace: Yields (ductile)

Compression Brace: Buckles (nonductile)

Columns and beams: remain essentially elastic

Inelastic Response of CBFs under Earthquake Loading

Compression Brace (previously in tension): Buckles (nonductile)

Tension Brace (previously in compression): Yields (ductile)

Columns and beams: remain essentially elastic

Eccentrically Braced Frames (EBFs)

Framing system with beam, columns and braces. At least one end of every brace is connected to isolate a segment of the beam called a link. Resist lateral load through a combination of frame action and truss action. EBFs can be viewed as a hybrid system between moment frames and concentrically braced frames. Develop ductility through inelastic action in the links.

EBFs can supply high levels of ductility (similar to MRFs), but can also provide high levels of elastic stiffness (similar to CBFs)

Link

Link

Link

Link

Some possible bracing arrangement for EBFS e e e e

e e

Inelastic Response of EBFs

Buckling-Restrained Braced Frames (BRBFs)

Type of concentrically braced frame.

Beams, columns and braces arranged to form a vertical truss.

Resist lateral earthquake forces by truss action.

Special type of brace members used: Buckling-Restrained

Braces (BRBs). BRBS yield both in tension and compression - no buckling !!

Develop ductility through inelastic action (cyclic tension and

compression yielding) in BRBs.

System combines high stiffness with high ductility.

Buckling-Restrained Brace
BucklingRestrained Brace: Steel Core + Casing

Casing

Steel Core

Buckling-Restrained Brace
BucklingRestrained Brace: Steel Core + Casing

Casing
Steel jacket

Steel Core

Mortar

Debonding material Section A-A

Buckling-Restrained Brace

Steel core resists entire axial force P

Casing is debonded from steel core - casing does not resist axial force P - flexural stiffness of casing restrains buckling of core

Buckling-Restrained Brace
BucklingRestrained Brace: Steel Core + Casing

Steel Core
Yielding Segment Core projection and brace connection segment

Bracing Configurations for BRBFs

Single Diagonal

Inverted V- Bracing

V- Bracing

X- Bracing

Two Story X- Bracing

Inelastic Response of BRBFs under Earthquake Loading

Tension Brace: Yields

Compression Brace: Yields

Columns and beams: remain essentially elastic

Compression Brace: Yields

Tension Brace: Yields

Columns and beams: remain essentially elastic

Special Plate Shear Walls (SPSW)

Assemblage of consisting of rigid frame, infilled with thin

steel plates.

Under lateral load, system behaves similar to a plate girder.

Wall plate buckles under diagonal compression and forms tension field.

Develop ductility through tension yielding of wall plate along

diagonal tension field.

System combines high stiffness with high ductility.

Plate-Girder Analogy

Inelastic Response of a SPSW

Development of tension diagonals

Shear buckling

Design of Seismic-Resistant Steel Building Structures: A Brief Overview

Earthquake Effects on Structures Performance of Steel Buildings in Past Earthquakes Building Code Philosophy for Earthquake-Resistant Design

and Importance of Ductility

Design Earthquake Forces: ASCE-7 Steel Seismic Load Resisting Systems

AISC Seismic Provisions

2005 AISC Seismic Provisions