Network Security Essentials Chapter 1
Fourth Edition by William Stallings (Based on Lecture slides by Lawrie Brown)
The art of war teaches us to rely not on the likelihood of the enemy's not coming, but on our own readiness to receive him; not on the chance of his not attacking, but rather on the fact that we have made our position unassailable. The Art of War, Sun Tzu
The
combination of space, time, and strength that must be considered as the basic elements of this theory of defense makes this a fairly complicated matter. Consequently, it is not easy to find a fixed point of departure. On War, Carl Von Clausewitz
Computer Security
The
protection afforded to an automated information system in order to attain the applicable objectives of preserving the integrity, availability and confidentiality of information system resources (includes hardware, software, firmware, information/data, and telecommunications) [NIST 1995]
Key Security Concepts
Three Key Objectives
Confidentiality
Data confidentiality Privacy Data integrity System integrity
Integrity
Availability Additional concepts
Authenticity Accountability
Levels of Impact
3
levels of impact from a security breach
Low Moderate High
Examples of Security Requirements
student grades integrity patient information availability authentication service
confidentiality
Computer Security Challenges
not simple 2. must consider potential attacks 3. procedures used counter-intuitive 4. involve algorithms and secret info 5. must decide where to deploy mechanisms 6. battle of wits between attacker / admin 7. not perceived on benefit until fails 8. requires regular monitoring 9. too often an after-thought 10. regarded as impediment to using system
1.
OSI Security Architecture
ITU-T
X.800 Security Architecture for OSI defines a systematic way of defining and providing security requirements for us it provides a useful, if abstract, overview of concepts we will study
Aspects of Security
3
aspects of information security:
security attack security mechanism: detect, prevent, recover security service threat a potential for violation of security attack an assault on system security, a deliberate attempt to evade security services
terms
Passive Attacks (1) Release of Message Contents
Passive Attacks (2) Traffic Analysis
Passive attacks do not affect system resources
Eavesdropping, monitoring
Release of message contents Traffic analysis Message transmission apparently normal
No alteration of the data
Two types of passive attacks
Passive attacks are very difficult to detect
Emphasis on prevention rather than detection
By means of encryption
Active Attacks (1) Masquerade
Active Attacks (2) Replay
Active Attacks (3) Modification of Messages
Active Attacks (4) Denial of Service
Active attacks try to alter system resources or affect their operation
Modification of data, or creation of false data Masquerade Replay Modification of messages Denial of service: preventing normal use
A specific target or entire network
Four categories
Difficult to prevent
The goal is to detect and recover
Security Service
enhance security of data processing systems and information transfers of an organization intended to counter security attacks using one or more security mechanisms often replicates functions normally associated with physical documents
which, for example, have signatures, dates; need protection from disclosure, tampering, or destruction; be notarized or witnessed; be recorded or licensed
Security Services
X.800:
a service provided by a protocol layer of communicating open systems, which ensures adequate security of the systems or of data transfers
RFC
2828:
a processing or communication service provided by a system to give a specific kind of protection to system resources
Security Services (X.800)
Authentication - assurance that communicating entity is the one claimed
have both peer-entity & data origin authentication
Access Control - prevention of the unauthorized use of a resource Data Confidentiality protection of data from unauthorized disclosure Data Integrity - assurance that data received is as sent by an authorized entity Non-Repudiation - protection against denial by one of the parties in a communication Availability resource accessible/usable
Security Mechanism
feature
designed to detect, prevent, or recover from a security attack no single mechanism that will support all services required however one particular element underlies many of the security mechanisms in use:
cryptographic techniques
hence
our focus on this topic
Security Mechanisms (X.800)
specific security mechanisms: encipherment, digital signatures, access controls, data integrity, authentication exchange, traffic padding, routing control, notarization pervasive security mechanisms: trusted functionality, security labels, event detection, security audit trails, security recovery
Model for Network Security
Model for Network Security
1.
using this model requires us to:
design a suitable algorithm for the security transformation generate the secret information (keys) used by the algorithm develop methods to distribute and share the secret information specify a protocol enabling the principals to use the transformation and secret information for a security service
2.
3.
4.
Model for Network Access Security
Model for Network Access Security
1.
using this model requires us to:
select appropriate gatekeeper functions to identify users implement security controls to ensure only authorised users access designated information or resources
2.
Standards
NIST:
National Institute of Standards and Technology
FIPS: Federal Information Processing Standards SP: Special Publications
ISOC:
Internet Society
Home for IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) and IAB (Internet Architecture Board) RFCs: Requests for Comments
Summary
topic
roadmap & standards organizations security concepts:
confidentiality, integrity, availability
X.800
security architecture security attacks, services, mechanisms models for network (access) security
