Introduction to MATLAB
Signals and Systems
Outline
Introduction and where to get MATLAB Data structure: matrices, vectors and operations Basic line plots File I/O
Where to get MATLAB
FAS computing:
Download from http://fas.harvard.edu/computing/software/ You must be on FAS network to use MATLAB
HSEAS IT
Maxwell Dworkin Rooms G107-G111
Mathworks:
Student version is affordable and complete.
What is MATLAB
High level language for technical computing Stands for MATrix LABoratory Everything is a matrix - easy to do linear
algebra
The MATLAB System
Development Environment Mathematical Function Library MATLAB language Application Programming Language (not discussed today)
MATLAB Desktop
Menu and toolbar
Workspace
History
Command
Matrices & Vectors
All (almost) entities in MATLAB are matrices >> A = [16 3; 5 10] A = 16 3 Easy to define:
5 10
Use , or to separate row elements -- use ; to separate rows
Matrices & Vectors - II
Order of Matrix -
mn
m=no. of rows, n=no. of columns
Vectors - special case
n=1 m=1 column vector row vector
Creating Vectors and Matrices
Define
>> A = [16 3; 5 10] A = 16 3 5 10 >> B = [3 4 5 6 7 8] B = 3 4 5 6 7 8
Transpose
Vector :
>> a=[1 2 3]; >> a' 1 2 3
Matrix:
>> A=[1 2; 3 4]; >> A' ans = 1 3 2 4
Creating Vectors
Create vector with equally spaced intervals
>> x=0:0.5:pi x = 0 0.5000 1.0000 1.5000 2.0000 2.5000 3.0000
Create vector with n equally spaced intervals
>> x=linspace(0, pi, 7) x = 0 0.5236 1.0472 1.5708 2.0944 2.6180 3.1416
Equal spaced intervals in logarithm space
>> x=logspace(1,2,7) x = 10.0000 14.6780 21.5443 68.1292
Note: MATLAB uses pi to represent unit 100.0000
, uses i or j to represent imaginary
Creating Matrices
zeros(m, n): matrix with all zeros
ones(m, n): matrix with all ones. eye(m, n): the identity matrix
rand(m, n): uniformly distributed random
randn(m, n): normally distributed random magic(m): square matrix whose elements
have the same sum, along the row, column and diagonal. pascal(m) : Pascal matrix.
Matrix operations
^: exponentiation
*: multiplication /: division
\: left division. The operation A\B is effectively the same as INV(A)*B, although
left division is calculated differently and is much quicker. +: addition -: subtraction
Array Operations
Evaluated element by element
.' : array transpose (non-conjugated transpose) .^ : array power .* : array multiplication ./ : array division
Very different from Matrix operations
>> A=[1 2;3 4]; >> B=[5 6;7 8]; >> A*B 19 22 43 50
But:
>> A.*B 5 21 12 32
Some Built-in functions
mean(A):mean value of a vector max(A), min (A): maximum and minimum. sum(A): summation. sort(A): sorted vector median(A): median value std(A): standard deviation. det(A) : determinant of a square matrix dot(a,b): dot product of two vectors Cross(a,b): cross product of two vectors Inv(A): Inverse of a matrix A
Indexing Matrices
Given the matrix:
A = m 0.9501 0.2311 n 0.6068 0.4860 0.4231 0.2774
Then:
A(1,2) = 0.6068 A(3) = 0.6068
Aij , i 1...m, j 1...n
index (i 1)m j
A(:,1) = [0.9501 1:m
] 0.2311
0.4231]
A(1,2:3)=[0.6068
Adding Elements to a Vector or a Matrix
>> A=1:3 A= 1 2 3 >> A(4:6)=5:2:9 A= 1 2 3 5 7 >> C=[1 2; 3 4] C= 1 2 3 4 >> C(3,:)=[5 6]; C= 1 2 3 4 5 6 >> D=linspace(4,12,3); >> E=[C D] E= 1 2 4 3 4 8 5 6 12
>> B=1:2 B= 1 2 >> B(5)=7; B= 1 2 0
Graphics - 2D Plots
plot(xdata, ydata, marker_style);
For example:
>> x=-5:0.1:5; >> sqr=x.^2; >> pl1=plot(x, sqr, 'r:s');
Gives:
Graphics - Overlay Plots
Use hold on for overlaying graphs So the following: Gives:
>> hold on; >> cub=x.^3; >> pl2=plot(x, cub,b-o');
Graphics - Annotation
Use title, xlabel, annotation
>> title('Demo plot'); >> xlabel('X Axis'); >> ylabel('Y Axis'); >> legend([pl1, pl2], 'x^2', 'x^3');
ylabel
and legend for
Graphics - Annotation
Graphics-Stem()
stem()is to plot discrete sequence data The usage of stem() is very similar to plot()
cos(n/4) 1
>> >> >> >>
n=-10:10; f=stem(n,cos(n*pi/4)) title('cos(n\pi/4)') xlabel('n')
0.5
-0.5
-1 -10
-5
0 n
10
subplots
Use subplots to divide a plotting window into several panes.
Cosine 1 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 -0.2 -0.4 -0.6 -0.8 -1 Sine
>> >> >> >> >> >> >> >> >> >>
x=0:0.1:10; f=figure; f1=subplot(1,2,1); plot(x,cos(x),'r'); grid on; title('Cosine') f2=subplot(1,2,2); plot(x,sin(x),'d'); grid on; title('Sine');
0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 -0.2 -0.4 -0.6 -0.8 -1
10
10
Save plots
Use saveas(h,'filename.ext') to save a figure to a file.
>> >> >> >> >> >> >> f=figure; x=-5:0.1:5; h=plot(x,cos(2*x+pi/3)); title('Figure 1'); xlabel('x'); saveas(h,'figure1.fig') saveas(h,'figure1.eps')
Useful extension types: bmp: Windows bitmap emf: Enhanced metafile eps: EPS Level 1 fig: MATLAB figure jpg: JPEG image m: MATLAB M-file tif: TIFF image, compressed
Workspace
Matlab remembers old commands And variables as well Each Function maintains its own scope The keyword clear removes all variables from workspace The keyword who lists the variables
File I/O
Matlab has a native file format to save and load workspaces. Use keywords load and save. In addition MATLAB knows a large number of popular formats. Type help fileformats for a listing. In addition MATLAB supports C style low level file I/O. Type help fprintf for more information.
Practice Problems
Plot the following signals in linear scale
x(t ) sin(3t ) y(t ) e 2t 3 5 t 5 0t 5
Plot the following signals, use log scale for y-axis
x(t ) et 2 (2t 1) 0 t 10
Plot the real part and imaginary part of the following signal
x(t ) e 0.5t j ( t / 3) 0 t 10
For the signal in previous question, plot its phase and magnitude
