Circulation and Lift

Aerodynamic Force

What variables determine the forces and moments acting on an object moving through the air?

Aerodynamic Force
The origin of aerodynamic forces
Pressure Density Temperature Velocity

Things that determine the size and shape of the aerodynamic forces on a body moving through the air
Surface Shape/Profile The orientation of the airflow = Angle of Attack Size

Other Factors
Compressibility Effects Viscosity Effects

Aerodynamic Force
Dynamic Pressure airstream velocity air density Size planform area Shape Angle of Attack Not Important Now
Compressibility
very important for high speed flight remember effects on airspeed measurement?

Viscosity
important in wind tunnel experiments

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Aerodynamic Forces
An aerodynamic force is the product of:
the airstreams dynamic pressure = q

an objects planform area and a coefficient of force determined by the relative pressure distribution Pressure distribution is a function of the shape of the surface and the orientation of the wind = angle of attack = AOA

FA = CFqS

The BASIC LIFT EQUATION

FA = CFqS L = CLqS

D = CDqS
M = CMqSc

Streamlines and Pressure

Freestream Airflow Theoretical Inviscid Flow
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Real Flow with Viscosity and Friction

Freestream Airflow A infinitely long nonrotating cylinder in a viscous flow (where friction exists) will experience Drag but not Lift.

Force

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Force Due to Circulation

Flow with Drag - No Circulation

Circulation
Rotating cylinder in viscous flow Magnus effect

Upwash Downwash

Increased local velocity/decreased pressure Decreased local velocity/increased pressure

Basic Lift Theory - Magnus Effect

A infinitely long rotating cylinder in a viscous flow (where friction exists) will experience both Drag AND Lift. This lift is the result of Circulation.

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Circulation and Lifting Theory

1. A circular cylinder rotating in a fluid flow will produce a force normal to the rotation. 2. Aerodynamically that permits us to theorize that this force is related to the stream flow and the viscous interaction of the rotating surface 3. Without rotation this force wont be generated. 4. This force can be calculated and through mathematical transformations applied to an aerodynamic shape called the airfoil.

Magnus Effect Turbine

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Magnus Effect Airship

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Lift Equation & Airfoils

ANA 23-29

HEY..WAKE UP!

Airfoil Terminology
Using 2-D & 3-D airfoil Terminology The Airfoil
Points and Lines

Dimensions, Angles and Forces Airfoil & relative wind Aerodynamic forces & relative wind

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Airfoil Terminology

Points and Lines

9. 3. 1. 4. Leading edge Trailing edge Chord Line Mean Camber Line

Dimensions
2. 6. 7. 5. 10. 8. Chord (in, ft, cm, m) Maximum thickness (% of chord) Location of max. thickness (% of chord) Maximum camber (% of chord) Location of max. camber (% of chord) Leading edge radius (%)

Airfoil Terminology

Aerodynamic Flow Patterns

Subsonic flow patterns or streamlines

69 Squadron IAF Raams

JASDF F-15J

SAF F-15 SA

Aerodynamic Flow Patterns

Subsonic airflow accelerates due to the continuity principle ( A V = Constant )

Aerodynamic Forces
Magnitude of pressure
airstream velocity air density size

Pressure pattern
shape of surface surfaces AoA

Definitions
Center of Pressure the location along the chord line at which the aerodynamic force passes

Pressure Distribution
Symmetrical airfoil at zero lift (zero angle of attack)

Pressure Distribution
Symmetrical airfoil at positive lift
Note the alignment of the upper and lower surface center of pressures and that the angle of attack is positive

Pressure Distribution
Nonsymmetrical airfoil at zero lift
Requires a negative angle of attack for zero lift

Nonsymmetrical airfoil at zero lift

Upper and lower surface lifts are equal The lines of action of the upper and lower surface lifts do not coincide The is a nose down pitching moment caused by the misalignment of the upper and lower surface lifts

Pressure Distribution
Nonsymmetrical airfoil at positive lift notice larger pressure distribution on the top of the airfoil (net upward lift)

Nonsymmetrical airfoil at positive lift

As angle of attack is increased the center of pressure of a cambered airfoil moves forward This movement potentially makes calculations involving stability quite difficult The concept of the aerodynamic center makes things simpler

Aerodynamic Force
F = CFqS
CF = FqS
F = aerodynamic force(lbs) CF = coefficient of aerodynamic force q = dynamic pressure (psf) S = planform area (ft2)

CF = F/S q CF = lb/ft2 lb/ft2

CF = the ratio of the average aerodynamic pressure on the surface and the airstreams dynamic pressure.

Lift
Lift - the net aerodynamic force acting perpendicular to the relative wind. Lift - The portion of the aerodynamic force acting perpendicular to the relative wind.

Lift and Drag

CL and Cl
CL

Cl

 L = lift (lbs.) CL= lift coefficient (coefficient of lift) q = dynamic pressure (psf) = 1/2 V2 (V in fps)

Basic Lift Equation L = CL qS

V2 (V in KTAS)
295 S = wing surface area (ft2)

Aerodynamic Force Coefficient

With Respect to LIFT

A wings Coefficient of Lift = CL (or a Section = Cl)

is the ratio of the lifting pressure exerted on the surface to the airstreams dynamic pressure.
is a function of only the surfaces shape and angle of attack (AoA) not a function of weight, speed, etc. is an index of inherent, or true, lift capability A wing will have only one CL for each angle of attack (AoA changes pressure distribution and therefore lift) CL increases with increasing AoA up to a maximum

Angle of Attack

Lift coefficient is function of AOA only, for given shape. Not a function of weight, speed, density, bank angle.

Lift Coefficient vs Velocity

There will be only one flight velocity for each value of lift coefficient in level flight

Definitions
Flight Path Velocity (V) the speed and direction of a body passing through the air Relative Wind (RW) equal and opposite to the flight path velocity Angle of Attack (AOA) the acute angle between the relative wind and the chord line of an airfoil

Definitions
Aerodynamic Force the net resulting total pressure multiplied by the planform area of an airfoil Lift the component of the aerodynamic force that is perpendicular to the relative wind (or flight path) Drag - the component of the aerodynamic force that is parallel to the relative wind (or flight path)

Aerodynamic Force Coefficients

1. What are the seven variables which determine the aerodynamic force acting on an airfoil in an airstream? 2. Which 2 of these factors are most insignificant in determining the aerodynamic force in a subsonic airstream? 3. Dynamic pressure includes which two of the seven factors? 4. The coefficient of aerodynamic force is determined by which two of the seven factors.

Coefficient of Lift
5. Name the 4 forces acting on a powered airplane in level unaccelerated flight. 6. What is lift? 7. What is the coefficient of lift? 8. Which two factors determine an airfoils coefficient of lift?

9. Which three factors determine the lift produced by a wing at a given AOA?

Lift of a Symmetrical Airfoil

Zero Lift
No downwash Equal pressure above & below airfoil

Positive Lift
Downwash More negative lift above Max low pressure forward

Generation of Lift
Pressure Pattern Shape Determined by Airfoil:
Airfoil Angle of Attack Airfoil Shape

Pressure Magnitude Determined by Dynamic Pressure:

Speed Density

Generation of Lift
Pressure Pattern Shape Determined by Airfoil: Airfoil Angle of Attack Airfoil Shape

Pressure Pattern Magnitude Determined by Dynamic Pressure: Speed Density

Generation of Lift
The shape of a pressure pattern around an airfoil can be changed by changing:
______________ ? ______________ ?

The magnitude (size) of a pressure pattern around an airfoil can be changed by changing:
______________ ?
______________ ? ______________ ?

Link to NASA Airfoil Site

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Homework ANA STUDY pp23 - 29 AND STUDY ch5.3-5.6