CHAPTER 5
NOZZLE
NOZZLE
the expense of pressure.
INTRODUCTION.
A nozzle is a device that increases the velocity of a fluid at
Example: a nozzle used at the end of a garden hose
DIFFUSER
by slowing it down.
INTRODUCTION.
A diffuser is a device that increases the pressure of a fluid
Several types of pumps operate by using shaft work to
turn an impeller which will increase the kinetic energy of
the fluid, followed by a diffuser that converts some of the kinetic energy to an increased pressure.
SKETCH
TYPES & SHAPES OF NOZZLE
The convergent nozzle The cross-section converges from the entry area to a minimum area which is the exit.
TYPES & SHAPES OF NOZZLE
Convergent divergent nozzle It can be seen from the inlet area the nozzle converges to a minimum area called the throat and then to the outlet area.
Universal Gases Law
Usually, the universal gases used at two point of one streamline.
But, in practice, there was nearly none of gases rigidly follow this rule. So, an imaginary situation ideal situation that obey this rule was found and it called as,
Perfect Gases Law
Where R - gas constant. (kJ/KgK)
The equation can be modified as Where m mass (kg) To use this equation make sure V is volume (m3) NOT specific volume (m3/kg). For kilogram-mole derivation, for m, m = nM Where M - molecular weight n number of moles
And the equation become An another perfect gas law derivation as follow,
Specific Heat Cp = specific heat capacity at constant pressure (kJ/kgK) Cv = specific heat capacity at constant volume (kJ/kgK) The sum of heat energy must be supplied to raise 1 K temperature at constant pressure/volume.
Perfect Gas Constant R = Cp - Cv Where R0 = 8314 kJ/kmolK standard
Specific Heat Ratio
Cp Cv
Note that since Cp - Cv= R, from equation, it is clear that Cp must be greater than Cv for any perfect gas.
Adiabatic Process (Q=0)
There was no heat transfer from nozzle to outside, so the
nozzle facing adiabatic process. Thus, the universal gas law becomes
The above equation is applied to states 1 & 2
Sub-Sonic, Sonic and Supersonic
The velocity at the throat of a correctly designed nozzle is
the velocity of sound. The flow-up to the throat is subsonic while the flow after the throat is supersonic. It should be noted that a sonic or supersonic flow requires a diverging duct to accelerate it.
In the same way, for a nozzle that is convergent, the fluid
will attain sonic velocity at the exit if the pressure drop across the nozzle is large enough.
To find sonic velocity at the throat,
Where Tc Throat temperature.
Enthalpy
The heat content of a chemical system is called the enthalpy (symbol: H)
Steady Flow Equation Nozzle is a one of various steady flow processes.
Where
Q heat received or rejected W external work done gZ potential energy u internal energy PV - flow or displacement energy C2/2 kinetic energy
Enthalpy
Apply u = h +PV, the equation become, For most nozzle problem, Q = 0 there was no heat produce by the nozzle W = 0 there was no moving part inside a nozzle gZ = 0 if there was no high different between inlet and outlet. So, the equation become
continue.
Nozzle Velocity
Assuming point 1 is inlet and point 2 is outlet. Velocity at
point 1 is negligible because it to small rather than velocity at point 2, and the previous steady flow equation become
Mach Number
In case of venturi meter (convergent-divergent nozzle),
Mach number is a ratio between local velocity and sonic velocity (at throat)
Critical Point
The throat of venturi meter is critical point. Besides the
velocity; pressure and temperature at this point also decent as critical.
The critical temperature ratio given as
And critical pressure ratio given as
Where subscript 1 - inlet of meter venturi.
Maximum Mass Flow Rate and Cross-sectional Area
This equation can use at any point of venturi meter. It also
can use at two point at one streamline.
EXAMPLE 1
A fluid at 6.9 bar and 93C enters a convergent nozzle
with negligible velocity, and expands isentropically into a space at 3.6 bar. Calculate the outlet temperature and mass flow per m2 of exit area. (a) when the fluids is helium (Cp=5.23 kJ/kgK) (b) when the fluid is ethane (Cp=1.66 kJ/kgK) Assume that both helium and ethane are perfect gases, and the respective molecular weights as 4 and 30.
