Cardiovascular Physiology
Arterial Blood Pressure
Arterial Blood Pressure (BP)
= The lateral pressure force generated by the pumping action of the heart on the wall of aorta & arterial blood vessels per unit area. OR = Pressure inside big arteries (aorta & big vessels). Measured in (mmHg), & sometimes in (cmH2O), where 1 mmHg = 1.36 cmH2O. Of 2 components:
systolic (= max press reached) = 110-130 mmHg. diastolic (= min press reached) = 70-90 mmHg.
In normal adult 120/80 mmHg.
Arterial Blood Pressure (continued)
In normal adult 120/80 mmHg. Diastolic pressure is more important, because diastolic period is longer than the systolic period in the cardiac cycle.
Pulse pressure = Systolic BP Diastolic BP.
Mean arterial pressure = Diastolic BP + 1/3 Pulse
press.
Factors affecting ABP:
Sex M > F due to hormones/ equal at menopause. Age Elderly > children due to atherosclerosis.
Emotions due to secretion of adrenaline & noradrenaline.
Exercise due to venous return.
Hormones (e.g. Adrenaline, noradrenaline, thyroid H).
Gravity Lower limbs > upper limbs.
Race Orientals > Westerns ? dietry factors, or
weather.
Factors determining ABP:
Blood Pressure = Cardiac Output X Peripheral Resistance
(BP) (CO) Flow (PR) Diameter of arterioles
BP depends on:
1. Cardiac output CO = SV X HR. 2. Peripheral resistance. 3. Blood volume.
Regulation of Arterial Blood Pressure
Regulation of ABP:
Maintaining B.P. is important to ensure a steady
blood flow (perfusion) to tissues.
B.P. is regulated neurally through centers in
medulla oblongata:
1. Vasomotor Center (V.M.C.), or (pressor area): Sympathetic fibers. 2. Cardiac Inhibitory Center (C.I.C.), or (depressor area): Parasympathetic fibers (vagus).
Regulation of ABP (continued)
cardiac control centers in medulla oblongata
1. Cardiacaccelerator center (V.M.C)
Sympathetic n. fibers
2. Cardiacinhibitory center (C.I.C)
Parasympathetic n. fibers
Regulatory mechanisms depend on:
a. Fast acting reflexes: b. Long-term mechanism:
Concerned by controlling CO (SV, HR), & PR. Concerned mainly by regulating the blood volume.
Regulation of Arterial Blood Pressure
A. Regulation of Cardiac Output
Regulation of CO:
A fast acting mechanism. CO regulation depends on the regulation of:
a. Stroke volume, & b. Heart rate
Regulation of the CO:
Mean arterial pressure
Cardiac output = Stroke volume X Heart rate
End diastolic volume (EDV)
Contraction strength Sympathetic n Parasympathetic n
Stretch
Frank - Starling
Regulation of Arterial Blood Pressure
B. Regulation of Peripheral Resistance
Regulation of Peripheral Resistance (PR):
A fast acting mechanism. Controlled by 3 mechanisms:
1. Intrinsic.
2. Extrinsic.
3. Paracrine.
Extrinsic mechanism is controlled through several reflex mechanisms, most important:
1. Baroreceptors reflex. 2. Chemoreceptors reflex.
1. Baroreceptors reflex:
Baroreceptors are receptors found in carotid sinus & aortic arch. Are stimulated by changes in BP.
BP + Baroreceptors
= V.M.C
= Sympathetic
++ C.I.C
+ Parasympathetic
Vasodilatation & TPR
Slowing of SA node ( HR) & CO
2. Chemoreceptors reflex:
Chemoreceptors are receptors found in carotid &
aortic bodies. Are stimulated by chemical changes in blood mainly hypoxia ( O2), hypercapnia ( CO2), & pH changes.
Haemorrhage
BP
Hypoxia
++ V.M.C
+ Sympathetic
+ Adrenal medulla
+ Chemoreceptors
= C.I.C
= Parasympathetic
HR
Vasoconstriction & TPR
3. Other Vasomotor Reflexes:
1. Atrial stretch receptor reflex:
Venous Return ++ atrial stretch receptors reflex vasodilatation & BP.
2. Thermoreceptors: (in skin/or hypothalamus)
Exposure to heat vasodilatation. Exposure to cold vasoconstriction.
3. Pulmonary receptors:
Lung inflation vasoconstriction.
4. Hormonal Agents:
NA vasoconstriction. A vasoconstriction Angiotensin II vasoconstriction. Vasopressin vasoconstriction.
Regulation of Arterial Blood Pressure
C. Regulation of Blood Volume
Regulation of Blood Volume:
A long-term regulatory mechanism. Mainly renal:
1. Renin-Angiotensin System. 2. Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH), or vasopressin. 3. Low-pressure volume receptors.
1. Renin-Angiotensin System:
Most important mechanism for Na+ retention in order to maintain the blood volume. Any drop of renal blood flow &/or Na+, will stimulate volume receptors found in juxtaglomerular apparatus of the kidneys to secrete Renin which will act on the Angiotensin System leading to production of aldosterone.
Renin-Angiotensin System:
renal blood flow &/or Na+ ++ Juxtaglomerular apparatus of kidneys (considered volume receptors) Renin Angiotensinogen Angiotensin I
(Lungs) Converting enzymes
Angiotensin III
(powerful vasoconstrictor)
Angiotensin II
(powerful vasoconstrictor) Adrenal cortex
Aldosterone N.B. Aldosterone is the main regulator of Na+ retention.
Corticosterone
2. Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH), or vasopressin:
Hypovolemia & dehydration will stimulate the osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus, which will lead to release of ADH from posterior pituitary gland. ADH will cause water reabsorption at kidney tubules.
3. Low-pressure volume receptors:
Atrial natriuritic peptide (ANP) hormone, is secreted from the wall of right atrium to regulate Na+ excretion in order to maintain blood volume.
