EEEB113 Circuit Analysis I
Chapter 4 Useful circuit theorems
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Topic & Structure of the lesson
Superposition theorem Source transformation theorem Thevenins theorem Nortons theorem Maximum power transfer theorem
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Introduction
A major disadvantage of using Kirchhoffs laws is tedious computation for a large and complex circuit. To handle the complexity, some theorems, such as Thevenins and Nortons theorems, are developed to simplify circuit analysis. These theorems are applicable to linear circuits.
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INTRODUCTION
A large complex circuits Simplify circuit analysis
Circuit Theorems Thevenins theorem Circuit linearity source transformation Norton theorem Superposition max. power transfer
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LINEARITY PROPERTY
A linear circuit is one whose output is linearly related (or directly proportional) to its input.
1. Consist of linear elements, linear dependent sources and independent sources.
2. Property of linearity:
a) Homogeneity property If input/ excitation is multiplied by a constant, then the output/ response is multiplied by the same constant E. g. from Ohms law If multiply by a constant k
v iR
kv kiR
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LINEARITY PROPERTY
b) Additive property Response to a sum of inputs is the sum of the responses to each input applied separately. E.g. Voltage-current relationship Applying :
v1 i1 R and v2 i2 R
(i1 i2 ) v (i1 i2 ) R i1R i2 R v1 v2
Therefore we can say that a resistor is a linear element (voltage current relationship satisfies both properties).
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LINEARITY PROPERTY
Linearity principle can be illustrated by considering circuit below. The
linear circuit has no independent sources inside it. It is excited by a voltage source vs , which serve as the input. The circuit is terminated by a load R. Suppose vs= 10V and output i=2A. Linearity principle would gives i=0.2A when vs=1V and i=1mA when vs=5mV.
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LINEARITY PROPERTY
Example
For the circuit in Figure , find I when vs=12V and vs=24V.
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LINEARITY PROPERTY
Exercise 1
Find Io when vs = 12 V and vs = 24 V. Sol: Applying KVL to the two loops,
Showing that when the source value is doubled, Io doubles.
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LINEARITY PROPERTY
Exercise
Assume Io = 1A and use linearity to find the actual value of Io in the circuit.
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Superposition
The idea of superposition rests on the linearity property. It states that the voltage across (or current through) an element in a linear circuit is the algebraic sum of the voltage across (or currents through) that element due to each independent source acting alone. The principle of superposition helps us to analyze a linear circuit with more than one independent source by calculating the contribution of each independent source separately.
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Superposition
Steps to apply superposition principle:
Two things have to be keep in mind: 1. When we say turn off all other independent sources: Independent voltage sources are replaced by 0 V (short circuit) Independent current sources are replaced by 0 A (open circuit). 2. Dependent sources are left intact because they are controlled by circuit variables.
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Superposition
Example
Use the superposition theorem to find v in the circuit shown below.
3A is discarded by open-circuit
6V is discarded by short-circuit
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Superposition
Example 1
Use the superposition theorem to find v in the circuit shown below.
3A is discarded by open-circuit
6V is discarded by short-circuit
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Superposition
Example 1 sol.
Apply KVL
Apply current Divider rule
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Superposition
Example 2
For the circuit shown, use the superposition theorem to find i.
Here we have 3 source! I = i1 + i2 + i3
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Superposition
Example 2 sol.
To find i1 Short circuit 24V and open circuit 3A
i1 = 12V / 6 = 2A
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Superposition
Example 2 sol.
To find i2 Short circuit 12V and open circuit 3A
Apply Mesh Analysis: Loop 1:
Loop 2:
Solving the equation: ia = 1.75 A ib = 1A Where i2 = ib = 1A
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Superposition
Example 2 sol.
To find i3 Short circuit 12V and 24V
Apply Nodal Analysis: Node 1:
Node 2:
Solving the equation: V1 = 3V V2 = 10V Where i3 = V1 /3 = 1A Thus, I = i1 + i2 + i3 = 2 + 1 + 1 =4A
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Superposition
Exercise 1
Use superposition to find vx in the circuit below.
What to do with dependent source? Open circuit??
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Superposition
Exercise 1 sol.
Answer: Dependent source keep unchanged !!
1. Open circuit 2A, Looking for V1
2. Short circuit 10V, Looking for V2
Vx=V1+V2=12.5V
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Superposition
Exercise 2
Find io using superposition.
io = -8/17A Page 22
Superposition
Exercise 3
Use the superposition theorem to find i.
i = 2A Page 23
To Be Continue. Q & A???
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