Nutrition is the provision of materials, usually in form of food, to support life in organisms.
NUTRITION
Autotrophic Heterotrophic
Synthesis complex organic compounds from raw, simple inorganic substances using light or chemical energy
An organism obtains energy through the intake and digestion of organic substances, normally plant and animal tissues.
AUTOTROPHIC
Chemosynthesis Uses energy derived from oxidation of inorganic substances Eg~ Sulphur bacteria which oxidizes sulphur to sulphate and Nitrosomonas sp. Which oxidizes ammonium to nitrate Photosynthesis Uses energy from sunlight Eg~ All green plants carry out photosynthesis
HETEROTROPHIC
Holozoic Nutrition Ingests and digests food to obtain nutrients Eg~ human, animals and insectivorous plants Saprophytes Obtains nutrients from dead organic matter Also called decomposer Eg~ bacteria and fungi like mushrooms, yeast, and Mucor sp. (bread mould) Parasites Obtains nutrients from living organisms Eg~ fleas, lice and tapeworms
The necessity for a balanced diet
Balance Diet
A balanced diet refers to a diet which contains the right amount of all the seven classes of food in order to meet the bodys requirement. A food pyramid shows the quantities of food group servings a person should should consume daily.
A balanced diet can be defined as one, which contains the various groups of food stuffs such as energy yielding foods (carbohydrates, fats), body-building foods (protein, minerals), and protective foods (vitamins) in correct propositions. So that an individual is assured of obtaining the minimum requirements of all the nutrients. The components of a balanced diet will differ according to age, sex, physical activity, economic status, occupation and the physiological state like pregnancy & lactation.
There are no good or bad foods or good or bad diets. All foods contain different levels of nutrients but no single food can provide all the vitamins and minerals our bodies need in the right amounts.
To maintain good health and to function efficiently our bodies needs proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins and minerals. Our body also needs plenty of water. We must drink 1.5 - 2 litres of fluid daily to maintain healthy kidneys and prevent urinary infection.
The body needs extra fluid when energy expenditure is high and also in hot weather. Water is required in large amounts to regulate body processes such as digestion, excretion, and maintenance of the body temperature and the electrolyte balance.
The simple dietary modifications, which people can adopt using the balanced diet chart or food guide pyramid can help to reduce the risk of heart diseases and other diet related conditions such as diabetes mellitus and some forms of cancer.
The molecules that act as a source of energy. The chemical building blocks for growth and repair of damaged body tissuse. The elements and compounds that participate in a variety of metabolic reaction.
Daily Energy Requirements
Body needs energy to maintain blood pressure and body temperature, sustaining regular heartbeats and breathing. To carry out the biochemical reactions that take place at the cellular level: -cell division, cell growth, active transport, protein synthesis. -The sum of all these biochemical reactions is called metabolism. The energy requirements for the metabolic activities are derived from the nutrients absorbed by the body. The energy demand of the body over a specified period of time to carry out metabolic activities is called the metabolic rate. It is measured in kilojoule (kJ) units. The higher the metabolic rate, the more will be the energy required for the metabolic activities. Our metabolic rate is higher when we are running and lower when we are sleeping.
The energy required to carry out the biochemical reactions that keep the vital body functions going is called the basal metabolic rate (BMR). The BMR depends on various factors such as a persons weight, state of health, sex, age as well as the climate. For example, the BMR of a man when sleeping is different to the BMR of a woman when sleeping. Similarly, the BMR of a child when sleeping is different to that of an adult when sleeping. Generally, women have a lower BMR than men and children have a higher BMR than adults. A person living in a cold climate has a higher BMR than a person living in a hotter climate.
There are two main factors influencing the energy requirements of the body: i) Basal metabolic rate ii) physical activity
Group
Particulars
Kilo Calories
Man
Sedentary work
Moderate work Heavy work
2350
2700 3200 1800 2100
Woman
Sedentary work Moderate work
Heavy work
Pregnancy Lactation 0 - 6 months 6 - 12 months
2450
+ 300 + 550 + 400
Group Infants Children
Particulars 0 - 6 months 6 - 12 months 1 - 3 years 4 - 6 years 7 - 9 years
Kilo Calories 118 / Kg 108 / kg 1125 1600 1925 2150 2400 2600 1950 2050 2050
Boys
10 - 12 years 13 - 15 years 16 - 18 years
Girls
10 - 12 years 13 - 15 years 16 - 18 years
FUNCTIONS AND SOURCES OF VITAMIN
Characteristics/ Function: Normal growth Healthy eyes and skin
Deficiency disease: Night blindness
Vitamin B comes from Peas, meat, cereals,seafood
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Characteristics/ Function: As the components of coenzymes Deficiency disease: Beri-beri
Vitamin B2 come from yeast, egg and meat.
Characteristics/ Function: Healthy growth Healthy skin
Deficiency disease: Inflammation of lips Mouth sores
Mineral
Function: for the maintenance of good health.
Mineral calcium
Sources Milk, cheese, green vegetables, legumes. Milk, cheese, meat, grains.
Function Combines with phosphorus for formation of strong teeth & bones. Combines with calcium to form strong bones & teeth. To maintain osmotic pressure Transmission of nerve impulses. Formation of haemoglobin in red blood cells. Formation of the hormones.
phosphorus
Sodium( common salt) potassium Ferum( iron)
Salt
Fruit Liver, kidney, raw egg Sea food
Iodine
MALNUTRITION
What is malnutrition??
Malnuttrition is a unbalanced diet.
The effects of malnutrition.
Protein deficiency
kwashiorkor
Receive a small amount of protein(distended Stomach and suffer from diarrhoea)..
marasmus
Not enough protein and carbohydrates(become Very thin and wrinkled skin)..
Deficiency disease
deficiency in v.c
Scurvy(swollen,bleeding gums and tooth Loss..
Calcium and phosphorus anaemia Causes rickets
Deficiency in v.d Ferum shortage
osteoporosis
Lacking in calcium(elderly people)
Cause the bones to become porous And break easily
Excessive amount of carbohydrates and lipid..
obesity 20%more weight than a person height Effects
1.High level of cholesterol in blood 2.Cardiovascular disease 3.Diabetes mellitus
Excessive amount of sodium(salt)
High blood pressure (can cause the damages of kidneys)
Excessive amount of vitamins
Vitamin A(fat soluable vitamin) effect Hair loss,bone and joint pains, Loss of appetite and liver Damage.
Vitamin D
effect
Overload in calcium in blood which can interferes The functions of muscles and heart tissue..
How to prevent malnutrition??
Reducing the amount of Salt in home cooking Prevent yourself from taking too much sugar and carbohydrates in Your foods
Try to balance your diet
Exercise more and Regularly
EXAMPLE OF MALNNUTRITION
