Neuro-Organs-System
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Nervous System
Functions
Sensory input monitoring stimuli occurring inside & outside the body Integration interpretation of sensory input Motor output response to stimuli by activating effector organs
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anwar wardy
Figure 11.1
Peripheral Nervous System
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Spinal Cord Regions
Cervical Thoracic Lumbar
Sacral
The Central Nervous System
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anwar wardy dept.neurology
Functional:
Neuron Classification
Sensory (afferent) transmit impulses toward the CNS Motor (efferent) carry impulses away from the CNS Interneurons (association neurons) shuttle signals through CNS pathways
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anwar wardy dept.neurology
Definitions
Cell Signal Transduction: The process by which cells sense an incoming signal and transfer that signal into a cellular action Mechanotransduction: The process by which a cell senses an incoming mechanical signal and transfer that signal into a cellular action
Cells, Stress, and Signaling
Mechanical Stimulus Cell Reception Signal Transduction Cell Action
Tissue Properties
Neuroglia
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anwar wardy dept.neurology
Figure 12.6
Brain component Cerebral cortex
Basal nuclei (lateral to thalamus)
Cerebral cortex
Basal nuclei Thalamus (medial)
Thalamus
Hypothalamus Cerebellum
Hypothalamus
Cerebellum
Midbrain Brain stem Pons Medulla
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Brain stem (midbrain, pons, and medulla) Spinal cord
Cerebral Cortex
Each half of cortex divided into four major lobes
Occipital lobe - carries out initial processing of visual input Temporal lobe - initial reception of sound sensation, taste, smell Parietal lobe - somatosensory processing Frontal lobe responsible for
Voluntary motor activity Speaking ability Elaboration of thought
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anwar wardy dept.neurology
Language
Primary areas of cortical specialization for language
Brocas area governs speaking ability Wernickes area
Concerned with language comprehension Responsible for formulating coherent patterns of speech
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anwar wardy dept.neurology
Figure 9-23: Cerebral processing of spoken and visual language
Brain Function: Cerebral Lateralization
Each lobe has special functions
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anwar wardy dept.neurology Figure 9-16
Hippocampus (limbic system)
Memory Processing
Cerebellum how to memories
Motor skills (procedural) Subconscious recall
Short term memory and consolidation Declarative memory (facts), specific objects Requires conscious recall
Prefrontal cortex - working memory
Processes new and retrieved information Temporary storage Problem solving, planning, organizing
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anwar wardy dept.neurology
Divisions of the Neuraxis
Cortical Brain Subcortical Brain Brainstem Cerebellum Spinal Cord Root Peripheral Nerve
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Neuromuscular Junction Muscle
History
Assess
Symptoms Basic description
Location Quality Onset Severity Exacerbation/palliation Associated sxs
Disability Symptoms with ADLs or only with strenuous activity
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History
Other symptoms
Urinary retention
Often frequency or urgency (overflow) in milder cases
Fecal incontinence Coordination issues Clumsiness
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