Chapter 8
Data Transmission and Modems
Agenda
Circuit Mode of transmission Digital transmission Analog transmission for digital signals - modems
Methods Classification Interfaces Functions Selection Criteria
Circuit
Signal rate
No. of signal changes (amplitude, frequency, or phase) on a circuit per second Baud Types: dibits, tribits, and quadbits
Speed
No. of bits that a circuit can carry in 1 second Bits per second (bps) used for measurement
Mode of Transmission
Data flow Physical connection Timing
Data Flow - US
Simplex transmission
Television and radio
Half-duplex (HDX) transmission
CB radio, terminal
Full-duplex (FDX) transmission
Telephone, computer to computer
Physical Connection
Parallel transmission
Fast Simple Line cost
Serial transmission
Complicated transmitter and receive Decomposing and reconstructing
Timing
Asynchronous transmission
Start/stop bits for character synchronization Mark (1or stop) /space (0 or start ) bits for bit synchronization Simple, inexpensive, slow speed transmission For personal computer
Synchronous transmission
Clock circuitry One to four synchronization characters for each block of data Large amount of data on dedicated line
Digital Signals
Unipolar (positive voltage for 1, no voltage for 0) Bipolar, nonreturn-to zero (NRZ)
Manchester coding (low-to-high is 1, high-to- low is 0) Differential Manchester (no transition at the beginning of the bit period is 1, second transition at the beginning of the bit period is 0) Benefits: self-clocking, and error detection
Bipolar, return-to-zero
Benefits of Digital Transmission
Better data integrity (detect & correct error) Higher capacity cables (fiber-optic) Easier integration (voice, data, video, etc.) Better security and privacy (encrypt data) Lower cost (large-scale integrated circuitry)
Digital Transmission of Analog Signals
Quantization
Quantizing noise or digitizing distortion
Codec (coder/decoder): analog-to-digital (A/D) converter & digital-to-analog (D/A) converter Methods
Pulse code modulation (256 integers, 8000 per second) Adaptive differential pulse code modulation (difference) Delta modulation (1 for +, 0 for -)
Digital Transmission of Digital Signals
Digital transmitter/receiver (data service unit/channel service unit (DSU/CSU))
Simpler & cheaper
Transmitter for shaping & timing the signal, interface between DTE and line Receiver for protection of excessive voltage, diagnostic and testing
Analog Transmission of Digital signals (Modems I)
Modulation and Demodulation
Receiver (modulation), control unit (auto dial & auto answer), transmitter (demodulation), & power supply Equalizer in transmitter & adaptive equalizer in receiver (adjust to fit the characteristics of the telephone line)
Methods
Frequency shift keying (FSK) Phase shift keying (PSK): 180 degree (1 bit), 90 degree (2 bits), 45 degree (3 bits) Differential phase shift keying (DPSK) Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM): combination of 8 phases & 4 relative amplitudes
Modems - II
Methods
Trellis code modulation: signal processor, error correction for error free transmission, high speed
Standards by ITU-T
V.32 for 9.6 kbps & V.32bis for 14.4 kbps V.34 for 28.8 kbps & V.34+ or V.34bis for 33.6 kbps V.90 for 56 kbps
Modems - III
Handshaking
Exchange signals between modems Test the characteristics of circuit and quality determine baud rate, modulation technique and error control
Data compression
V.42bis by ITU-T Microcom Networking Protocol (MNP 7 or 10) by Microcom, Inc.
Modem Classification
Simplex, half-duplex, full-duplex transmission modems Asynchronous or synchronous transmission modems Acoustically coupled modems (portable) Limited distance modems/short haul modems (less than 20 miles) Modem eliminators/null modems (cable less than several thousand feet)
Modem Classification - II
Facsimile modems
Error correction and data compression
Modem for fiber-optics circuits
Digital-electrical to digital-optical
Cable modems
DTE to cable television system cable Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification (DOCSIS) by CableLabs For large files and not logon process
Modem Classification - III
Reverse channel
Slow speed reverse channel for signaling one another
Auto dial/auto answer
Hayes Microcomputer Product, Inc. Command AT for attention Internet service provider usage Dial-backup public telephone network connection for leased telephone line
Internal modem
Single circuit card No switch to change the parameters and operations
Modem Interfaces
Between modem and line Between DTE and modem
Between Modem and Line
Two- to four-wire cable RJ-11 plug
Between Modem and DTE
RS-232-C interface V.24 interface RS-232-D interface RS-449 interface RS-336 interface X.21 interface X.21bis interface Current loop interface
RS-232-C Interface
By EIA and ITU-T V.24 Characteristics
25-pin connector at both end digital and serial Female for DCE and male for DTE Pins 2 and 3 to pass data, other for signaling
Limitations
50 -100 feet cable length 2,400 - 9,600 bps Hard to difference 0 and 1 when speed is high and cable is long
RS-232-D Interface
Specifications for the 25-pin connector Addition of a shield on the cable Redefinition of protective ground and some pins
RS-449 Interface
37 pins 4,000 feet cable Not well accepted
RS-336 Interface
Automatic dialing from computer to remote terminals for data collection Not for high speed transmission
X. Interfaces
X.21 interface
Digital connection to a digital public telephone network
X.21bis interface
Terminal to packet switch network via analog line
Current Loop Interface
Represent 1 and 0 by presence or absence of an electrical current Simple and inexpensive Nonstandard Teletywriter system
Other Modem Functions
Reverse channel for signal one another to determine the speed Auto dial/auto answer Modem diagnostics
Loop back for accuracy checking
Modem Selection Criteria
Digital or analog signals Asynchronous or synchronous Speed Distance Type of line Cost Functions
Spread Spectrum
Analog signal for analog or digital data Frequency hopping ad direct sequence Generated by Pseudo random number generator
Points to Remember
Circuit Mode of transmission Digital transmission Analog transmission for digital signals - modems
Methods Classification Interfaces Functions Selection Criteria
Discussion
Design the data transmission and modem specification for a bank
