PowerPoint to accompany
Technology of Machine Tools
6th Edition
Krar Gill Smid
Job Planning
Section 4
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PowerPoint to accompany
Technology of Machine Tools
6th Edition
Krar Gill Smid
Engineering Drawings
Unit 5
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
5-3
Objectives
Understand the meaning of the various lines used on engineering drawings
Recognize the various symbols used to convey information Read and understand engineering drawings or prints
5-4
Engineering Drawings
Language draftspersons, tool designers, and engineers indicate to machinist physical requirements of part Three standards similar
American ANSI Y14.5 (American standard) ASME Y14.5M-1994 ISO R1 101
Complete product: Assembly drawing
Each part component: detailed drawing
Reproduced as copies called prints
5-5
Orthographic View or Projection Method
Shows part from three sides
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5-6
Cylindrical Parts
Shown on prints in two views
Front and right
Interior forms difficult
Sectional view
5-7
Standard Lines
Example Name Object lines Description Thick, black .030 in wide Hidden lines Medium, black .125 in dashes .060 in spaces Center lines Thin lines long-short Dimension Thin double arrow Cutting-plane Thick black long, two short Cross section Fine, parallel 45 degrees Use Edge of object Hidden contours
Centers of holes Dimensions Show imagined section cut Show surfaces exposed (cut)
5-8
Drafting Terms
Limits
Largest and smallest permissible dimensions
largest smallest
Tolerance
Permissible variation of size of the part Example: .001+.003=.004
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5-9
Drafting Terms
Allowance
Intentional difference in sizes of mating parts Shop drawing would show both shaft and hole with max and min sizes to produce best fit
Fit
Range of tightness between two mating parts Two general classes
Clearance fits: part revolve or move Interference fits: two parts forced together as single
5-10
Scale Size
Indicates scale to which drawing has been made Representative measurement
Scale 1:1 1:2 2:1 Definition Actual size of part One-half actual size of part Twice actual size of part
5-11
Units of Measurement
Metric system of measurement is international standard
Inch system widely used in US and Canada Note on title block of drawing should identify: inch, metric, or dual
5-12
Manufacturing Methods
Drawing only defines part
Does not specify how part made
Example: Hole diameter shown
Does not indicate drill, ream, bore
Tolerance or limit should be provided if dimension is critical
5-13
Basic Dimensioning
Used on working drawings to explain to machinist shapes and sizes required Title block
Type of material Number of parts required Special notes
5-14
Dimensioning Tolerances
Define accuracy of specific operation or part Each dimension should have tolerance Tolerance on dimension as 1 or 2 units of last digit
.6783 indicates tolerance of .0001 in.
Can show specific limits (high or low) or as plus or minus tolerancing
5-15
Inch Dimensions
Fractions sizes stated to two decimal places indicates not critical size Whole dimensions shown with minimum of two zeros to right of decimal point No zero used to left of decimal for values less than 1 in. Critical dimensions shown in three or four decimal places and tolerances included
5-16
Metric Dimensions
Zero must be used to left of decimal for sizes less than 1 millimeter No decimal point or zero follows whole number Where dimension larger than whole number by decimal fraction, last digit to right of decimal point is NOT followed by zero
5-17
Common Symbols
angularity
60 basic dimension
countersink
depth/deep
between
conical taper
diameter
perpendicularity
counterbore/spotface
R radius
5-18
Symbols
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5-19
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5-20
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5-21
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5-22
Dimensioning Systems
Dimensions used on prints to give distance between two points, lines, planes
Numerical value gives actual measurement Dimension line indicates direction Arrowheads indicate points between which value applies
Decimal system uses only decimal fractions
5-23
Dimensioning Systems
Two types used in computer numerical control work
Incremental system
Dimensions given from previously known point
Absolute system
Dimensions or positions given from fixed zero or origin point
5-24
Workplace Communication
Manufacturing part of global economy Standardized symbols and characteristics International Standards Organization (ISO)
Established in 1946 TC#10 committee to develop standards for technical drawings
American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
ASME Y14.5-1994 publication on Dimensioning and Tolerancing lists latest standards
5-25
Common Machine Shop Abbreviations
CBORE Counterbore CSK Countersink DIA Diameter Diameter HDN Harden L Lead LH Left hand mm Millimeter NC National coarse NF National fine P R Rc RH THD TIR TPI UNC UNF Pitch Radius Rockwell hardness test Right hand Thread or threads Total indicated runout Threads per inch Unified national coarse Unified national form
5-26
Surface Symbols
Deviation from nominal surface caused by machining operation
Includes roughness, waviness, lay, and flaws Measured by surface finish indicator in microinches (in.)
Surface finish mark
Indicates which surface of part to finish
5-27
Surface Finish Mark
Surface finish in microinches
.002 40
.001
Waviness height in thousandths of an inch
Machining marks run perpendicular to the boundary of the surface indicated Roughness width in thousandths of an inch
5-28
Surface Symbols
Indicate direction of lay
Marks produced by machining operations on work surfaces
= X M C R Parallel to boundary line of surface indicated by symbol Angular in both directions on surface indicated by symbol Multidirectional Approximately circular to center of surface indicated by symbol Approximately radial to center of surface indicated by symbol
5-29
Material Surfaces
Copper, brass bronze, etc.
Steel and wrought iron
Aluminum, magnesium and their alloys
Cast iron and malleable iron
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