Criminal Investigation

TWENTY
Terrorism

eighth edition

Swanson Chamelin Territo

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2003, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Explain mission-specific and sleeper cells Be familiar with different terrorist groups that threaten the United States and its allies Distinguish between right-wing and left-wing terrorists Describe four prominent national structures involved in terrorist intelligence, and outline their responsibilities Define joint terrorism task forces Identify the purpose of a suspicious-activity log Understand the process of critical thinking Describe the function of a reconnaissance operation
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INTERNATIONAL TERRORISM
The use or threatened use of violence against persons or property by a group (or an individual) whose operations transcend national boundaries and are done to further political or social objectives

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PARTIAL ACCOUNTING OF GLOBAL TERRORISM The world and now the U.S. are not strangers to terrorism The past two decades have demonstrated a continuing pattern of terrorist-caused violence The tragedy of September 11th has resulted in the U.S. declaring war on terrorism

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PARTIAL ACCOUNTING OF GLOBAL TERRORISM

Year
1981
1981 1983 1983 1984 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988

Group
Red Army
Takflr Wal-Hajira sect Islamic Jihad Islamic Jihad Hizballah Sikh terrorists Nacrotraffickers North Korean agents Libyan agents Organization of Jihad Brigades

Action
Bomb explosion on U.S. Airbase at Ramstein, then in West Germany
Assassination of Egyptian President Anwar Sadat during a troop review U.S. Embassy bombing, Beruit Suicide bomb truck, Marine Barracks, Beruit Bomb attack, Torrenjon, Spain, restaurant popular with U.S. Service menbers Seize the Golden Temple in India, 100 killed In Mexico, kidnap, torture, interrogate a DEA agent and his pilot on orders from Rafael Cero Detonate bomb at South Koreas Kimpo Airport in South Korea Bomb attack in Berlin discoteque frequented by U.S. military members Car bomb exploded outside of USI Club in Naples, Italy

1988
1989 1990 1990

Libyan terrorists
New Peoples Army New Peoples Army Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement

Pan American flight 103 blown up over Lockerbie, Scotland

Assassination of U.S. Army Colonel Rowe in Manila; he had survived long years of captivity during the war in South Vietnam Two U.S. airmen assassinated in the Phillipines Peru, U.S. Embassy bombed

1993
1993

Followers of cleric Umar Abd al-Rahman

Iraqi Intelligence Service

World Trade Center bombing, NYC

Attempted to assassinate President Bush during visit to Kuwait

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PARTIAL ACCOUNTING OF GLOBAL TERRORISM

Year
1994
1995 1995 1995

Group
Baruch Goldstein
Unidentified gunmen Right-wing extremists Unknown

Action
Jewish right-wing extremist, who was also an American citizen, uses machine gun at mosque, killing 29 and wounding an estimated 150
Karachi, Pakistan, assassination of two American diplomats Bombing of U.S. Federal Building, Oklahoma City, killing 166 A rocket propelled grenade (RPG) fired through the window of the U.S Embassy in Moscow, perhaps as retaliation for U.S. air strikes against Serbian positions in Bosnia

1996
1996 1996 1996 1997

Irish Republican Army (IRA)

Tamil Tigers Several groups claim responsibility Tupac Amaru Palestinian gunman

Bomb detonated in London, killing two and wounding more than 100
Liberation of Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) explode bomb in Colombo, Sri Lanka, 90 slain and over 1,400 injured U.S. Militarys housing facility in Dhahran, Khobar Towers, fuel truck carrying explosives kills 19 and wounds 515 23 members of the Tupac Amaru Revolution Movement (MRTA) take several hundred hostages at the Japanese Ambassadors residence in Lima, Peru Observation Deck, Empire State Building, NYC, gunman opens fire on tourists from several countries, killing one and injuring others, kills himself. Note left by gunman state this was a punishment attack on the enemies of Palestine. Bombings of U.S. embassies in Nairobi, Kenya, and Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, a total of 69 were killed in the attacks and some 5,077 wounded Three U.S. Citizens kidnapped by Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia and executed in Venezuela, one of numerous FARC attacks reported U.S.S. destroyer Cole attacked by launch filled with explosives, causing major damage to the ship, killing 17, and injuring another 39 Twin Towers and Pentagon attacks, producing horrific casualties

1998 1999 2000 2001

Al-Queda FARC Al-Queda Al-Queda

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MISSION SPECIFIC CELLS

In terrorist organizations, small units put together for the purpose of executing a specific assignment

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THE PENTAGON AFTER TERRORIST ATTACK The Pentagon was also a target of terrorists on 9/11/01 This attack was performed by a mission-specific cell of terrorists

Reuters NewMedia Inc./Corbis

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SLEEPER CELLS
In terrorist organizations, small groups of recruits who are in place in target and other countries, living ordinary lives until activated for the cause; may also perform services for their immediate group (e.g., courier and reconnaissance tasks)

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DOMESTIC TERRORISM
The use or threatened use of violence against persons or property by a group (or an individual) whose operations are entirely within the victims nation, without foreign direction, and are done to further political or social objectives

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DOMESTIC TERRORISM
Domestic terrorism in the U.S. can be divided into three groups:
Right-Wing Terrorists. Often adhere to the principles of racial supremacy and embrace antigovernment, antiregulatory beliefs. Left-Wing Terrorists. Profess a revolutionary socialist doctrine and view themselves as protectors of the people against the 'dehumanizing effects of capitalism and imperialism. Special-Interest Groups. Perhaps the most active special-interest groups in the United States are the Animal Liberation Front (ALF) and the Earth Liberation Front (ELF).

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THE OKLAHOMA CITY BOMBING

The Federal Building in Oklahoma City was bombed in 1995 The bombing was committed by a rightwing domestic terrorist Timothy McVeigh and Terry Nichols were convicted in this horrible crime
AFP/Corbis

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THREAT ASSESSMENT
Of necessity, threat assessments are ongoing and subject to change as usable intelligence about intentions and capabilities of existing and new groups is produced Since 1968,14,000 international terrorist attacks have taken place throughout the world In the United States, between 1980 and 1999, there were 457 prevented, suspected, or actual terrorist acts, of which 163 involved international terrorists

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TERRORISM BY GROUP CLASS 1980-1999

Today the U.S. must be vigilant about both international and domestic terrorism Between 1980 and 1999 163 such acts in the U.S. involved international terrorists

(Source: Federal Bureau of Investigation, Terrorism in the United States [Washington, DC: FBI, 1999), p. 33).

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TERRORISM BY EVENT, 1980-1999

Bombings were the most frequent type of terrorist event in the U.S. between 1980-1999

Bombings cause destruction, result in loss of lives, and place entire cities in fear
(Source: Federal Bureau of Investigation, Terrorism in the United States [Washington, DC: FBI, 1999), p. 41).

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NATIONAL STRUCTURES
The National Infrastructures Protection Center (NIPC) is responsible for:
Protecting and investigating unlawful acts against U.S. computers And information technologies and unlawful acts, both physical and electronic, that threaten or target critical U.S. infrastructures

Enacted in response to the September 11 attacks the U.S. Patriot Act of 2001 provides law enforcement with new, broadened electronic surveillance authority

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NATIONAL STRUCTURES (cont'd)

The National Domestic Preparedness Office (NDPO) is responsible for assisting state and local authorities with the planning, equipping, and training, including health and medical support, needed to respond to a WMD attack The FBI Counterterrorism Center operates on three fronts: international terrorism operations both within the United States and abroad, domestic terrorism operations, and counterterrorism measures at home and abroad

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JOINT TERRORISM TASK FORCES (JTTFS)

Joint terrorism task forces (JTTFs) are responsible for gathering and acting on intelligence related to international and domestic terrorism, conducting investigations related to planned terrorist acts, preventing such acts, and investigating terrorist acts in their geographic areas of responsibility. Consisting of representatives of federal agencies and state and local enforcement officers, JTTFs are ultimately supervised by the FBI.

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PURPOSE OF A SUSPICIOUS ACTIVITY LOG

To keep a record of little suspicious activities observed by officers. To connect the dots between these observations. To apply critical thinking skills. To foil a terrorist attack or some other criminal activity.

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THE PROCESS OF CRITICAL THINKING

Rigorously challenging your views Also challenging the views of others Reasonably assessing the basis of:
assumptions beliefs

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FUNCTION OF A RECONNAISSANCE OPERATION The following activities may occur prior to a terrorist act:
Rooms are rented that allow a view of the target Insiders may be recruited to provide drawings and copies of target floor plans. Jobs may be taken that allow access to the target site Photos may be taken of the site

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BIOLOGICAL AGENTS
Certain microorganisms and toxins produced by organisms (e.g., smallpox, anthrax, plague, botulism) that cause human illness or death and could be used as terrorist weapons; typically slower acting than chemical agents

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AN OPENED LETTER CONTAINING ANTHRAX Following the tragedy of September 11, 2001 several letters containing anthrax were discovered The photo is of one such letter sent to news anchor Tom Brokaw Later postal employees and others were given training on how to spot and deal with suspicious mail
(Courtesy Federal Bureau of Investigation)

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CHEMICAL AGENTS
Rapidly acting substances (e.g., mustard gas, sarin, V agents) that produce a variety of incapacitating symptoms or death; as weapons, can cause mass casualties and devastation

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AGROTERRORISM
The use of biological agents as weapons against the agricultural and food supply industries

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