What do all of these images have in common?

Sudan 1992

Iraq 2003

Mexico 2006

Refugee

A person who has left their home in a country where they feel unsafe because of persecution or war, and has applied to stay in another country where they feel safe. If they are allowed to stay they become a refugee.

Asylum Seeker A person who has a right to work and live in a country for a short time. Economic migrant A person who has been forced to leave their country because it is not safe for them to stay because of persecution or war, and who has been granted permission to stay in a country where they feel safe.

Seasonal worker

A person who has left their country to make their quality of life better.

These three people have migrated to the UK to live and work. What type of migrants are they?

Why do people move?

PUSH FACTOR PULL FACTOR - things that push -things that pull people away from people towards a a place) place).

Movement of People
In the more recent past, the movement and countermovement of people have led to accelerated mixing of stocks and mutual infusion of physical characteristics. Perhaps more important than the transmission of physical characteristics has been the transmission of cultural characteristics.

The diffusion of cultures, including tools, habits, ideas, and forms of social organization, was a prerequisite for the development of modern civilization, which would probably have taken place much more slowly if people had not moved from place to place.

Causes of Migration
A group of people may migrate in response to the lure of a more favorable region or because of some adverse condition or combination of conditions in the home environment.

Most historians believed that non-nomadic peoples are disinclined to leave the places to which they are accustomed, and that most historic and prehistoric migrations were stimulated by a deterioration of home conditions. This belief is supported by records of the events preceding most major migration.

The specific stimuli for migrations may be either natural or social causes. Among the natural causes are changes in climate, stimulating a search for warmer or colder lands; volcanic eruptions or floods that render sizable areas uninhabitable; and periodic fluctuations in rainfall.

Social causes are generally considered to have prompted many more migrations than natural causes. Social causes have included demographic issues; for example, an increased population leading to an inadequate food supply.

Choices of Routes
Throughout history, the choice of migratory routes has been influenced by the tendency of groups to seek a type of environment similar to the one they left, and by the existence of natural barriers, such as large rivers, seas, deserts, and mountain ranges.

Effects Migration
Among the distinct effects of migration are the stimulation of further migration through the displacement of other people; a reduction in the numbers of the migrating group because of hardship and warfare; changes in physical characteristics through int termarriage with the group ecountered;

changes in cultural characteristics by adoption of the cultural patterns of people encountered; and linguistic changes, also effected by cultural adoption.

What stops people from moving?

The following pictures all represent things that stop people from migrating.

What are other barriers to migration?

Migration
Migration is when people move permanently from one place to another. It can be within the same country (internal) or across national boundaries (international)
It is the movement of people , especially of whole groups, from one place, region, or country to another, particularly with the intention of making permanent settlement in a new location.

Immigration, the movement of people into another nation with the intention of residing there permanently. The contrasting term emigration refers to the movement of people permanently leaving a nation.

The movement of populations in modern times has continued under the form of both voluntary migration within one's region, country, or beyond and involuntary migration (which includes the slave trade, trafficking in human beings and ethnic cleansing). People who migrate are called migrants or, more specifically, emigrants, immigrants, or settlers, depending on historical setting, circumstances and perspective.

People sometimes migrate on a daily basis, in which case it is commuting and the humans are called commuters. There are also tourists, who temporarily travel to go on vacation, and pilgrims, who do so for religious reasons. The rest of this article will cover migration in the sense of a "change of residence", rather than the temporary migrations of travel, tourism, pilgrimages, or the commute.

Forced migration has been a means of social control under authoritarian regimes, yet free-initiative migration is a powerful factor in social adjustment and the growth of urban populations.

Different types of migration include:

Seasonal human migration mainly related to agriculture and tourism. Rural to urban, more common in developing countries as industrialization takes effect (urbanization).

Urban to rural, more common in developed countries due to a higher cost of urban living (suburbanization).

Philippine Migration
There were two significant migration trends that affected population figures in the 1970s and the 1980s. First was a trend of migration from village to city, which put extra stress on urban areas.

As of the early 1980s, thirty cities had 100,000 or more residents, up from twenty-one in 1970. Metro Manila's population was 5,924,563, up from 4,970,006 in 1975, marking an annual growth rate of 3.6 percent. This figure was far above the national average of 2.5 percent.

Within Metro Manila, the city of Manila itself was growing more slowly, at a rate of only 1.9 percent per annum, but two other cities within this complex, Quezon City and Caloocan, were booming at rates of 4 percent and 3.5 percent, respectively.

A second major migration pattern consisted of resettlement from the more densely to the less densely populated regions. As a result of a population-land ratio that declined from about one cultivated hectare per agricultural worker in the 1950s to about 0.5 hectare by the early 1980s, thousands of Filipinos had migrated to the agricultural frontier on Mindanao.

According to the 1980 census, six of the twelve fastest growing provinces were in the western, northern, or southern Mindanao regions, and a seventh was the frontier province of Palawan.
Sulu, South Cotabato, Misamis Oriental, Surigao del Norte, Agusan del Norte, and Agusan del Sur provinces all had annual

population growth rates of 4 percent or more, a remarkable statistic given the uncertain lawand-order situation on Mindanao.
Among the fastestgrowing cities in the late 1970s were General Santos (10 percent annual growth rate), Iligan (6.9), Cagayan de Oro (6.7), Cotabato (5.7), Zamboanga (5.4), Butuan (5.4), and Dipolog (5.1)--all on Mindanao.

By the early 1980s, the Mindanao frontier had ceased to offer a safety valve for land-hungry settlers. Hitherto peaceful provinces had become dangerous tinderboxes in which mounting numbers of Philippine army troops and New People's Army insurgents carried on a sporadic shooting war with each other and with bandits, "lost commands," millenarian religious groups, upland tribes, loggers, and Muslims (see The Counterinsurgency Campaign , ch. 5).

Population pressures also created an added obstacle to land reform. For years, there had been demands to restructure land tenure so that landlords with large holdings could be eliminated and peasants could become farm owners. In the past, land reform had been opposed by landlords. In the 1990s there simply was not enough land to enable a majority of the rural inhabitants to become landowners.

International migration has offered better economic opportunities to a number of Filipinos without, however, reaching the point where it would relieve population pressure. Since the liberalization of United States immigration laws in 1965, the number of people in the

United States having Filipino ancestry had grown substantially to 1,406,770 according to the 1990 United States census. In the fiscal year ending September 30, 1990, the United States Embassy in Manila issued 45,189 immigrant and 85,128 temporary visas, the largest number up to that time.

International migration has offered better economic opportunities to a number of Filipinos without, however, reaching the point where it would relieve population pressure. Since the liberalization of United States immigration laws in 1965, the number of people in the

Internal Migration in the Philippines

The rapid movement of Filipinos from 1 part of the Philippines to another is not a new phenomenon, but mobility has been increasing. A study conducted by Peter C. Smith revealed that interprovincial lifetime mobility of the national population increased from 15.8% in 1960 to 17.6% in 1970, while interregional mobility increased from 12.7% to 13.4%.

People still disagree as to whether the size and rate of growth of the population are excessive, but there seems to be total consensus as regards its spatial imbalance.

Because internal migration appears to be an important factor in national development, a need exists to examine different aspects of internal migration, such as the directions taken by migration flows, the migrants' reasons for moving, the migrants' characteristics, the migrants' success or lack of success at their

places of destination, the social problems accompanying internal migration, effforts to deal with the problems caused by internal migration, and the implications of migration trends for policy and for the country's development programs.

Migrants were, on the average, as well off as native urbanites or metropolitanites. Among the more significant points raised by scholars and researchers are the following: urbanization is an inevitable and irreversible process, and it is wise to plan for it; the problem is not rapid urbanization but

unbalanced urbanization, i.e., the concentration of urbanization in Metro Manila; steps to alter national urban patterns might include establishing a migration guidance office;

the need exists for an explicit, firm, and consistent population distribution policy; and solutions that anticipate problems having to do with internal migration and prevent these problems from arising will, in the long run, be more effective than curative solutions.
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