1DT057 DISTRIBUTED INFORMATION SYSTEM
Distributed Systems Characterization and Design
OUTLINE
1. What is a Distributed System 2. Examples of Distributed Systems 3. Common Characteristics 4. Basic Design Issues 5. Summary
1. DISTRIBUTED SYSTEM TYPES
Control
Fully Distributed
Autonomous fully cooperative Autonomous transaction based Master-slave Homog. Homog. general special purpose purpose Heterog. Heterog. special general purpose purpose
Local data, local directory Not fully replicated master directory Fully replicated
Processors
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1. WHAT IS A DISTRIBUTED SYSTEM?
Definition: A distributed system is one in which components located at networked computers communicate and coordinate their actions only by passing messages. This definition leads to the following characteristics of distributed systems: Concurrency of components Lack of a global clock Independent failures of components
1.1 CENTRALIZED SYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS
One component with non-autonomous parts Component shared by users all the time All resources accessible
Software runs in a single process
Single point of control
Single point of failure
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1.2 DISTRIBUTED SYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS
Multiple autonomous components Components are not shared by all users Resources may not be accessible Software runs in concurrent processes on different processors Multiple points of control Multiple points of failure
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2. EXAMPLES OF DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS
Local Area Network and Intranet
Database Management System Automatic Teller Machine Network Internet/World-Wide Web Mobile and Ubiquitous Computing
2.1 LOCAL AREA NETWORK
em ail s erv er print and other serv ers Local area network
Desktop computers
Web serv er
em ail s erv er File serv er print other s erv ers the res t of the Internet router/firewall
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2.2 DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
2.3 AUTOMATIC TELLER MACHINE NETWORK
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2.4 INTERNET
intranet % % ISP % %
backbone
satellite link desktop computer: server: network link: 11
2.4.1 WORLD-WIDE-WEB
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2.4.2 WEB SERVERS AND WEB BROWSERS
www.google.com Web servers www.uu.se Internet http://www.google.comlsearch?q=lyu
Browsers
http://www.uu.se/
www.w3c.org File system of www.w3c.org http://www.w3c.org/Protocols/Activity.html Protocols
Activity.html
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2.5 MOBILE AND UBIQUITOUS COMPUTING
Internet
Host intranet
Wireless LAN
GSM/GPRS gateway
Home intranet
Printer Camera
Mobile phone Laptop
Host site
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3. COMMON CHARACTERISTICS
What are we trying to achieve when we construct a distributed system? Certain common characteristics can be used to assess distributed systems Heterogeneity Openness Security Scalability Failure Handling Concurrency Transparency
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3.1 HETEROGENEITY
Variety and differences in Networks Computer hardware Operating systems Programming languages Implementations by different developers Middleware as software layers to provide a programming abstraction as well as masking the heterogeneity of the underlying networks, hardware, OS, and programming languages (e.g., CORBA). Mobile Code to refer to code that can be sent from one computer to another and run at the destination (e.g., Java applets and Java virtual machine).
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3.2 OPENNESS
Openness is concerned with extensions and improvements of distributed systems. Detailed interfaces of components need to be published. New components have to be integrated with existing components. Differences in data representation of interface types on different processors (of different vendors) have to be resolved.
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3.3 SECURITY
In a distributed system, clients send requests to access data managed by servers, resources in the networks:
Doctors requesting records from hospitals Users purchase products through electronic commerce Concealing the contents of messages: security and privacy Identifying a remote user or other agent correctly (authentication) Denial of service attack Security of mobile code
Security is required for:
New challenges:
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3.4 SCALABILITY
Adaptation of distributed systems to
accommodate more users respond faster (this is the hard one)
Usually done by adding more and/or faster processors.
Components should not need to be changed when scale of a system increases.
Design components to be scalable!
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3.5 FAILURE HANDLING (FAULT TOLERANCE)
Hardware, software and networks fail! Distributed systems must maintain availability even at low levels of hardware/software/network reliability. Fault tolerance is achieved by
recovery redundancy
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3.6 CONCURRENCY
Components in distributed systems are executed in concurrent processes. Components access and update shared resources (e.g. variables, databases, device drivers). Integrity of the system may be violated if concurrent updates are not coordinated.
Lost updates Inconsistent analysis
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3.7 TRANSPARENCY
Distributed systems should be perceived by users and application programmers as a whole rather than as a collection of cooperating components. Transparency has different aspects.
These represent various properties that distributed systems should have.
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4. BASIC DESIGN ISSUES
General
software engineering principles include rigor and formality, separation of concerns, modularity, abstraction, anticipation of change, Specific issues for distributed systems:
Naming Communication Software structure System architecture Workload allocation Consistency maintenance
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4.1 NAMING
A name is resolved when translated into an interpretable form for resource/object reference.
Communication identifier (IP address + port number) Name resolution involves several translation steps
Design considerations
Choice of name space for each resource type Name service to resolve resource names to comm. id.
Name services include naming context resolution, hierarchical structure, resource protection
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4.2 COMMUNICATION
Separated components communicate with sending processes and receiving processes for data transfer and synchronization. Message passing: send and receive primitives
synchronous or blocking asynchronous or non-blocking Abstractions defined: channels, sockets, ports.
Communication patterns: client-server communication (e.g., RPC, function shipping) and group multicast
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4.3 SOFTWARE STRUCTURE
Layers in centralized computer systems:
Applications
Middleware
Operating system
Computer and Network Hardware
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4.3 SOFTWARE STRUCTURE
Layers and dependencies in distributed systems: Applications Open services
Distributed programming support Open system kernel services
Computer and network hardware
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4.4 SYSTEM ARCHITECTURES
Client-Server Peer-to-Peer Services provided by multiple servers Proxy servers and caches Mobile code and mobile agents Network computers Thin clients and mobile devices
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4.4.1 CLIENTS INVOKE INDIVIDUAL SERVERS
Client
inv ocation res ult
inv ocation res ult
Serv er
Serv er
Client Key : Proc es s: Computer:
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4.4.2 PEER-TO-PEER SYSTEMS Peer 2
Peer 1 Application Sharable objects Peer 3 Application Application
Peer 4 Application Peers 5 .... N
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4.4.3 A SERVICE BY MULTIPLE SERVERS
Serv ic e
Serv er Client
Serv er
Client Serv er
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4.4.4 WEB PROXY SERVER
Client Prox y serv er
Web serv er
Client
Web serv er
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4.4.5 WEB APPLETS
a) client reques t results in the downloading of applet code
Client Applet code b) client interacts with the applet
Web serv er
Client
Applet
Web serv er
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4.4.6 THIN CLIENTS AND COMPUTE SERVERS
Compute server
Network computer or PC
Thin Client
network
Application Process
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5. SUMMARY
Definitions of distributed systems and comparisons to centralized systems. The characteristics of distributed systems. The eight forms of transparency. The basic design issues. Read Chapter 1 and Chapter 2 of the textbook.
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