Function of a complex variable:
Let S be a set of complex numbers.
Then function f defined on S is a
rule that assigns to each z∈ S a
unique complex number w, and we
write
f (z) = w
The set S is called domain of
definition of f.
Let z = x+ i y &
w = u (x,y) +i v(x,y)
Then f(z) = u (x, y) + iv (x, y)
Re f(z) = u(x,y) & Im f(z) = v(x,y)
• In polar coordinates,
z = x+iy = reiθ ,
f (z) = u(r, θ) + i v(r, θ).
Limit:
Let f be a function defined
at all points of z in some
deleted nbd of z 0 . Then
lim f ( z ) = w0 ⇒ given ε > 0,
z → z0
∃ a δ > 0 such that
f(z)-w0 < ε
whenever 0 < z - z 0 < δ
Theorems on limits:
Thm 1 Let f ( z ) = u ( x, y ) + iv ( x, y ),
z0 = x0 + iy0 , w0 = u0 + iv0 ,
Then lim f ( z ) = w0
z → z0
⇔ (i ) lim u(x, y) = u0
( x , y ) → ( x0 , y 0 )
(ii ) lim v(x, y) = v0
( x , y ) → ( x0 , y 0 )
Thm 2 Let lim f ( z ) = w0 ,
z → z0
lim F( z ) = W0 . Then
z → z0
(i) lim [ f ( z ) ± F ( z )] = w0 ± W0 .
z → z0
(ii ) lim [ f ( z ) F ( z )] = w0 W0 .
z → z0
f ( z ) w0
(iii ) lim = , if W0 ≠ 0 .
z → z0
F ( z ) W0
a) The point at infinity:
The point at infinity is denoted by
∞, and the complex plane
together with the point at infinity is
called the Extended complex
Plane.
b) lim f ( z ) = ∞ ⇒ for each ∈> 0,
z→ z0
∃ a δ > 0 such that
1
f ( z ) > whenever 0 < z - z 0 < δ
∈
1
i.e. − 0 <∈ whenever 0 < z - z 0 < δ
f ( z)
Thus,
1
lim f ( z ) = ∞ ⇔ lim = 0.
z→ z0 z→ z0 f ( z )
(c) lim f ( z ) = w0 ⇒ for each ∈> 0,
z →∞
∃ δ > 0 such that
1
f(z) - w 0 <∈ whenever z >
δ
1
i.e. f − w0 <∈
z
whenever 0 < z < δ
Thus,
1
lim f ( z ) = w0 ⇔ lim f = w0
z→ ∞ z→ 0 z
(d ) lim f ( z ) = ∞ ⇒ for each ∈> 0,
z →∞
∃ a δ > 0 such that
1 1
f ( z ) > whenever z >
∈ δ
1
i.e. − 0 <∈ whenever 0 < z − 0 < δ
1
f
z
Thus,
1
lim f ( z ) = ∞ ⇔ lim =0
z→ ∞ z→ 0 1
f
z
Sec 14. Continuity
1. A function f(z) is said to be
continuous at a point z 0 if
lim f ( z ) = f ( z0 )
z → z0
i.e. for each ∈ > 0, ∃ δ > 0 such that
f(z) - f(z 0 ) < ∈ whenever 0 < z − z0 < δ .
• The function f(z) is said to be
continuous in a region R if it is
continuous at all points of the
region R.
2.
If f ( z ) = u ( x, y ) + iv( x, y ), then
f ( z ) is continuous iff
Re f ( z ) = u ( x, y ) and
Im f ( z ) = v( x, y )
are continuous.
3. If f(z) and g(z) are continuous, then
(a) f ( z ) ± g ( z )
(b) f ( z ) g ( z )
f ( z)
(c ) , g ( z) ≠ 0
g ( z)
are all continuous
[Link] of two continuous map
is continuous
Qs. Let f (z) is continuous at z0
and f(z0) ≠ 0. Then show that f
(z) ≠ 0 throughout in some nbd
of z0.
• Solution: f (z) is continuous at
z0
⇒ For each ∈>0, ∃ a δ>0 s.t.
f (z) – f(z0) < ∈
whenever z-z0 < δ. (1)
Since f (z 0 ) ≠ 0 & (1) is valid for
each ∈ > 0.
1
Let ∈= f ( z 0 ) > 0.
2
If possible, let
∃ z = z ∈ N(z 0 , δ ) : z - z 0 < δ
s.t. f (z) = 0
Then (1) gives
1
f(z) - f(z 0 ) < f ( z0 ) ,
2
whenever z − z0 < δ
1
⇒ f ( z0 ) < f ( z0 )
2
whenever z − z0 < δ
a contradiction
∴ f ( z ) ≠ 0 ∀ z ∈ N ( z0 , δ )
Result: Every continuous function
in a closed & bounded region is
bounded.
Let f (z) is continuous in a closed &
bounded region R
⇒ ∃ M > 0 s. t f(z)≤ M ∀ z ∈R.
z
Ex1. If f ( z ) = , then
z
lim f ( z ) does NOT exist.
z →0
Soln : Use two path test.
2
z
Ex2. If f ( z ) = , then
z
lim f ( z ) does NOT exist.
z →0
Soln : Use two path test.
Ex 3. Discuss the continuity of f (z) at z =
0 if Re z
(i ) f (z) =
1+ z
−1
(ii ) f (z) = z Re z
Re z
Sol. (i) f(z) =
1+ z
x
=
1+ x + y
2 2
x
∴lim f ( z ) = lim
z →0 ( x , y ) →( 0 , 0 )
1+ x + y
2 2
= 0 = f (0)
⇒ f ( z ) is continuous at z = 0
Re z x
(ii) f(z) = =
z x + iy
We have
x
lim f ( z ) = lim
z →0 ( x , y ) → ( 0 , 0 ) x + iy
x
⇒ lim f ( z ) = lim ,
z →0 ( x , y ) →( 0 , 0 ) x + imx
(along y = mx)
1
=
1 + im
which is not unique
⇒ f(z) is not continuous at z = 0
