Click icon to add picture
Fire Fighting Course
Prepared by Eng/ Magid elithy revised by Eng / Sayed Abd el Hamied
Table of contents
Overview
of Firefighting
Single Line Diagram Pumps & Pump Room Sprinklers Systems
Overview of Firefighting
Fire Triangle parameters :1. 2. 3.
Air Fuel Heat
( Oxygen ) ( Flammable Material ) ( sufficient heat to raise the material to its ignition temperature )
4
Overview of Firefighting
Fire
Fighting
methods :-
, by creating a barrier using foam
for instance and prevent oxygen getting to the fire
By applying water you can lower the temperature below the ignition temperature
5
Overview of Firefighting
Fire Fighting Systems
Manua l
Manual extinguish er Siamese connection Fire hydrant
Automati c
Cabinet
Sprinklers SYS
Overview of Firefighting
Materials ( Manual & Automatic )
Water FM200 Co2 Halon Dry Chemica l powder Foam
Single Line Diagram
Single Line Digram 2.dwg
First Water source Manual Cabinet Systems Second Water source
Tank
Pump Room
Siamese connectio n Automatic Sprinklers systems 8
Pump Room
Pump room
Delivered water from tank to firefighting systems
Cabinet
Tank
Pump Room
Sprinkler s
10
Pump room
11
Pump room
Horizontal Centrifugal Pump Vertical centrifugal pump
12
Centrifugal pump
Impeller between bearing
Overhung
13
Centrifugal
pumps
Working mechanism of centrifugal pump
The main purpose
is to convert energy of a mover (Electric motor ) first to velocity (kinetic energy ) and then into pressure energy ( Static energy )
Energy chance occur by two main parts
1-Impeller ( Rotating part that convert driver energy into kinetic energy ) 2-The Volute or Diffuser ( Stationary part that convert the kinetic energy to static energy (Pressure energy))
14
Generation of Centrifugal Force
As liquid leaves the eye of the impeller a low pressure area is created causing more liquid to flow towards the inlet First The liquid enter the suction Step : eye of nozzle and then into impeller Conversion
Motor Energy When the impeller rotates Into Kinetic it spins the liquid sitting in Energy
the cavities between the vanes outward and provides centrifugal acceleration
15
Generation of Centrifugal Force
Resistance to the flow : the first resistance to the flow is created by the pump casing ( Volute ) that catches the liquid and Second slow it down ..: Step Its velocity converted to Conversion pressure according to Kinetic Energy Bernoulli's equation
Into Pressure Energy
16
Formula :-
This head can also be calculated from the readings on the pressure gauges attached to the suction and discharge lines
17
Fact One fact that must always be remembered: A pump does not create pressure, it only provides flow. Pressure is a just an indication of the amount of
18
1-Rotating components comprised
of an impeller and the shaft
Centrifugal pump has two main component
2-Stationary components
comprised of a casing and bearing
19
Stationary Components Casing
Volute casing Circular casing
Volute casing increase the area to the discharge port , as the area of the cross section Have a increase stationary thediffusions volute reduce vanes the surroundings speed of the liquid the impeller and increase periphery the that convertpressure velocity energy into Volute casing pressure : build energy HIGH head , Circular casing are used for LOW head
casing
Solid Casing
Spilt casing
Two or more parts are fastened together. When the A design in which the entire casing parts are divided by horizontal plane, casing including the the casing is described as horizontally split discharge nozzle is all or axially split casing. When the split is in a contained in one casting or vertical plane perpendicular to the rotation fabricated piece axis, the casing is described as vertically
21
Suction and Discharge Nozzle
End suction Top Discharge Top suction Top Discharge Side suction Side Discharge
The suction and discharge nozzles are The suction nozzle is located at the end located at the sides top ofof the the case case of, and concentric to, the shaft while the perpendicular to the shaft. shaft This pump can discharge nozzle is located at the top of have always either a radially an axially split or case radially pumpsplit case the case perpendicular to the shaft type.
22
Rotating components
Impeller
direction of flow Mixe Radia Axial d lflow flow flow suction type DoubleSinglesuction
mechanical construction
Close Open d
23
Centrifugal pump parameters
Capacity
:-
Definition :Capacity means the flow rate with which liquid is moved or pushed by the pump to the desired point in the process. It is commonly measured in either gallons per minute (gpm) or cubic meters per hour (m3/hr). The capacity usually changes with the changes in operation of the process.
1 ( m3/Hr ) = 3.66 (GPM)
24
The capacity depends on a number o f f a c t o r s l i ke : 1 - Pr o c e s s l i q u i d c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s i . e . d e n s i t y, v i s c o s i t y 2-Size of the pump and its inlet and outlet sections 3-Impeller size 4-Impeller rotational speed RPM 5-Size and shape of cavities between the vanes 6 - Pu m p s u c t i o n a n d d i s c h a r g e temperature and pressure conditions
25
Formula :-
26
Centrifugal pump parameters (HEAD)
HEAD:
Significance of using the head term
instead of the pressure term The pressure at any point in a liquid can be thought of as being caused by a vertical column of the liquid due to its weight. The height of this column is called the static head and is expressed in terms of feet of liquid.
27
Centrifugal pump parameters (HEAD)
The same head term is used to measure the kinetic energy created by the pump. In other words, head is a measurement of the height of a liquid column that the pump could create from the kinetic energy imparted to the liquid
28
Centrifugal pump parameters (HEAD)
The main reason for using head instead of pressure to measure a centrifugal pump's energy is that the pressure from a pump will change if the specific gravity (weight) of the liquid changes, but the head will not change. Since any given centrifugal pump can move a lot of different fluids, with different specific gravities, it is simpler to discuss the pump's head and forget about the pressure.
29
Fact
A
given pump with a given impeller diameter and speed will raise a liquid to a certain height regardless of the weight of the liquid.
30
Formula :-
liquids
0.5
have specific gravities typically ranging from (light) to 1.8 (heavy).
Water is a benchmark, having a specific gravity of
1.0.
31
Definition : 1-Static
Suction Head, hS
2-Static Discharge Head, hd Total Static Head 3-Friction Head, hf 4-Vapor pressure Head, hvp 5-Velocity Head, hv
head hp
6-pressure
7-Total Suction Head HS 8-Total Discharge Head Hd 9-Total Differential Head HT 10-Net Positive Suction Head Required NPSHr 11-Net Positive Suction Head Available NPSHa
32
Definition : 1-Static
Suction Head, hS
Head resulting from elevation of the liquid relative to the pump center line. If the liquid level is above pump centerline, hS is positive. If the liquid level is below pump centerline, hS is negative . Negative hS condition is commonly denoted as a suction lift condition
33
Definition : 2-Static
Discharge Head, hd
the vertical distance between the pump centerline and the surface of the liquid in the destination tank.
34
Definition :
What is Static Head?
In a pumping system, this head represents the energy required to raise the liquid from the pump centerline to the point in the pipe that the liquid needs to be raised
35
Definition :
3-Friction Head, hf
This is the loss needed to overcome that is caused by the resistance to flow in the pipe and fittings. It is dependent on size, condition and type of pipe, number and type of pipe fittings, flow rate, and nature of the liquid.
36
37
Definition :-
4-Vapor pressure Head, hvp
38
Definition :
5-Velocity Head, hv
It is the equivalent head in feet through which the water would have to fall to acquire the same v e l o c i t y,
39
Definition :6-pressure
head hp
Suc t i o n Pr es s ure H ea d ex i s t s because the suction tank is under a pressure other than atmospheric. It is the pressure acting on the surface of the liquid in the suction tank. This pressure can be positive (above atmospheric) or negative (vacuum).
40
Definition : 7 -To t a l
This
Suction Head HS
i s c a l l e d To t a l S y s t e m S u c t i o n H e a d . T h i s i s a l s o s o m e t i m e s c a l l e d To t a l D y n a m i c S u c t i o n Head. T h e e q u a t i o n t o c a l c u l a t e t h i s h e a d r e q u i r e m e n t . S u c t i o n s t a t i c h e a d i s p o s i t i v e w h e n t h e r e i s a flooded suction and negative when there is a suction lift. Pressur e hea d is zero if the t ank is a tmospheric. It is added when above zero gauge pressure and subtracted when under vacuum. Ve l o c i t y h e a d t h e o r e t i c a l l y i s p a r t o f t h e S y s t e m Suction Head equation. In practical application, it is rarely considered as its value is minimal
41
Definition
8-Total
Discharge Head Hd
42
Definition :
9-Total Differential Head HT Total Dynamic Head
Total Head system
HT=Hd-Hs
43
Pump Performance Curve
Total dynamic Head
Increasing capacity decreasing Head
Capacity
44
1 0 - N e t P o s i t i v e S u c t i o n H e a d Re q u i r e d ( N P S H r )
As
liquid enters the pump, there is a reduction of pressure and subsequent head. This head reduction is a function of the specific pump and is determined by laboratory testing to be stated by the pump manufacturer on a pump curve. Net Positive Suction Head Required (NPSHR) is the measurement of this head reduction to determine the minimum suction head condition required to prevent the liquid from vaporizing in the pump.
45
1 0 - N e t P o s i t i v e S u c t i o n H e a d Re q u i r e d ( N P S H r )
Notice on the NPSHR curve below, as the pump capacity increases and head decreases, more NPSHR is required to prevent cavitation from occurring.
46
Definition
Efficiency
Efficiency is power output of a mechanical device, such as a pump, divided by power input to the device. Pump efficiency is the ratio of liquid power (also known as water power) divided by the power input to the pump shaft,(also known as brake power
47
Definition
Best Efficiency point
48
Definition
Power Requirements
49
50
PUMP SELECTION pss.jnlp
51
Pump operations
Pumps
operates by : -
Electric Engines Diesel Engines
52
Pump room contents
53
Pump room operations
54
Pump room specifications
Any pump can be used to be Firefighting pumps as long as matching :-
1. NFPA 2.LPC
(National Fire Protection Association)
(Loss Prevention Council )
Manufacturing of pumps should be according to 1. American specs ANSI (American National Standards Institute ) 2. British specs BS (British Standard ) 3. Germany specs DIN (Diameter Nominal )
55
Pump room specifications
It
should delivered with pumps test certification from manufacturer states about testing the pumps with its control panels If the pump according American specs it should be UL or FM certification states about testing the pump according American specs
56
NFPA (National Fire Protection Association )
NFPA
20 (Installation of Stationary Pumps for Fire Protection )
This standard shall apply to centrifugal single-stage and multistage pumps of the horizontal or vertical shaft design and positive displacement pumps of the horizontal or vertical shaft design.
1.3.1
57
NFPA (National Fire Protection Association )
5.1.2 Other Pumps shall be limited to capacities of less than 1892 L/min (500 gpm).
The meaning of (SHALL) in nfpa code : Indicates a mandatory requirement
58
NFPA 20
The pump is required to demonstrate its ability to achieve 65% of rated pressure when flowing at 150% of rated capacity Shut-off head will range from a minimum of 101% to a maximum of 140% of head
59
60
NFPA20
Gallon per minute according to NFPA20
61
Installation of pump
Pump Room Components
62
Installation of pump room
1-Pump
& Engine
63
Installation of pump room
Suction Line Discharge Line Check Line
64
Installation of pump room
Pump Room Connection
65
66
67
Installation of pump room
pump
room.dwg
Pump Room 2.dwg
AutoCAD
Drawings
Pump Room (Electric ).dwg pump Room (Diesel ).dwg Pump Room 3d.dwg
68
Gallery
Gallery
69
Concentric reducer
70
Check Valve
71
Diesel pump fuel tank
72
Air Vent on discharge line
73
Concentric & eccentric reducers
74
Sprinklers
Systems
75
There are 4 main types of systems :Pipe
Wet
Dry Pipe Pre-Action Deluge
76
WET pipes system
Wet pipe sprinkler systems contain water in the riser and piping at all times. As soon as a sprinkler head activates due to the heat of a fire, water is immediately discharged through the open head .
77
78
Wet Pipe System Components
Main
Control Valve
Butterfly Valve
Objective :Shut down system for service
79
Wet Pipe System Components
Control
Valve
80
When the fire protection system is initially being pressurized, water will flow into the system until the water supply and system pressure become equalized, and the torsion Spring closes the Clapper in the Alarm Check Valve. Once the pressures have
81
Leakage in System Restrictio
n Assembly OUTLET
INLET Flow Inlet
<
Flow Outlet (1) Flow Inlet > Flow Outlet 1 (2)
82
ALAR M
FIRE,FIR E
83
84
Check Valve Symbol Check Valve
Check Valve Block
Valve Block.dwg
85
Check
Wet Pipe System Components
Friction Loss Chart ( Check Valve )
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
DRY pipes system
Dry pipe sprinkler systems contain air (or sometimes nitrogen) in the riser and piping at all times. The air (or nitrogen) is under pressure and this pressure maintains a "differential dry pipe valve" in the closed position
93
DRY pipes system
. When a sprinkler head activates, the
air (or nitrogen) is exhausted through the open head, thus allowing the differential dry pipe valve to open and water to be admitted to the riser and piping.
94
DRY pipes system
Some dry pipe systems are equipped with quick opening devices (QOD's) which assist in exhausting the air or nitrogen from the system thus allowing water to reach the open head more quickly. Dry pipe systems are installed where there is a danger of freezing.
95
96
97
procedure
When
one or more automatic sprinklers operate in response to a fire, air pressure within the system piping is relieved through the open sprinklers. When the air pressure is sufficiently reduced, the water pressure overcomes the differential holding the Clapper Assembly closed and the Clapper Assembly swings clear of the water seat, This action permits water flow into the system piping and subsequently to be discharged from any open sprinklers. Also, with the Clapper Assembly open, the intermediate chamber is pressurized and water flows through the alarm port.
98
procedure
After
a valve actuation and upon subsequent closing of a system main control valve to stop water flow, the Clapper Assembly will latch open Latching open of the DPV-1 will permit complete draining of the system through the main drain port. During the valve resetting procedure and after the system is completely drained, the external reset knob can be easily depressed to externally unlatch the Clapper Assembly . As such, the Clapper Assembly is returned to its normal set position to facilitate setting of the dry pipe sprinkler system, without having to remove the Hand hole Cover.
99
100
101
Preaction pipes system
A
Preaction System is a sprinkler system employing closed automatic sprinklers connected to a piping system that contains air or nitrogen that may or may not be pressurized. A supplemental detection system (release line) is installed in the same area as the sprinklers
102
NFPA 13 defines three basic types of preaction systems:
Single Interlocked: Admits water to sprinkler piping upon operation of detection devices only. Double Interlocked: Admits water to sprinkler piping upon operation of both the detection devices and automatic sprinklers
103
preaction systems:
Non-Interlocked: Admits water to sprinkler piping upon either operation of detection devices or automatic sprinklers.
104
preaction systems:
The supplemental detection system is commonly electric or pneumatic or a combination of both. Detection systems used with electric release systems are commonly actuated by manual pull stations, fixedtemperature heat detectors, rate-of-rise heat detectors, smoke detectors or other means determined
105
preaction systems:
In accordance with NFPA 13, the preaction sprinkler system piping and fire detection devices shall be automatically supervised where there are more than 20 sprinklers on the systems. This is accomplished with air or nitrogen gas under pressure within the sprinkler piping. If the integrity of the sprinkler piping is compromised, the pressure will be reduced activating a supervisory pressure switch that transmits the signal to the release control panel and/or fire alarm panel.
106
preaction systems:
Single
Interlocked
107
preaction systems:
Double Interlocked
114
preaction systems:
. The double interlock preaction system utilizes a detector system and pressurized air or nitrogen in the sprinkler system piping. This system is arranged so that the deluge valve will open only when both pressure is reduced in the sprinkler piping and the detection system operates.
115
preaction systems:
If
the detection system operates due to damage or malfunction, the valve will not open, but an alarm will sound. If the sprinkler piping is damaged or sprinkler is broken, the valve will not open but a supervisory alarm will sound. The operation of both a sprinkler and a detector (or release) is required before the valve will open, allowing water to enter the system piping.
116
Deluge systems:
A
deluge system is similar to a pre-action system except the sprinkler heads are open and the pipe is not pressurized with air. Deluge systems are connected to a water supply through a deluge valve that is opened by the operation of a smoke or heat detection system. The detection system is installed in the same area as the sprinklers. When the detection system is activated water discharges through all of the sprinkler heads in the system. Deluge systems are used in places that are considered high hazard areas such as power plants, aircraft hangars and chemical storage or processing facilities. Deluge systems are needed where high velocity suppression is necessary to prevent fire spread
126
Deluge systems:
Deluge System with Electric actuated
127
Deluge systems:
Deluge System with wet pilot actuated
134
Deluge systems:
Deluge System with Dry pilot actuated
141
Zone Control valve ( floor c v )
148
