Team 3 Amjad Khan Dinesh Baluraj Karthikeyan Baskaran Murali Krishna Safiq Ahmad Varun Prakash

Overview
Electroimpulsive deicing system

Introduction

Ice protection

Hazards of icing

Pneumatic deicing system

Summary

SMA technologies for deicing

Ultrasonic deicing system

SPEED

Eddy current deicing system

Types of ice on Aircrafts

Clear ice:
Forms in temp. range between 0C to -10C It is a homogeneous and transparent ice coating ; difficult to break

Rime ice
Forms between -15C to-20C
Rough milky white appearance and a comb-like appearance

Mixed ice/ Conglomerated ice:

It is a combination of Clear and Rime ice

Forms between -10C to -15C.

Frost ice
It is the result of water freezing on unprotected surfaces, often forming

behind deicing boots or heated leading edges.

Types of ice on Aircrafts (contd.)

Ice protection
Ice formation on aircrafts can lead to catastrophic

failures Ice protection is necessary to maintain smooth flight Ice protection can be done by
Anti-icing Preventing ice formation/growth Deicing Removal of ice

Function of both is to protect the aircraft from ice

growth and effects of it on the flight.

Effect of Icing:
Structural icing can block the pitot tube and static ports and

cause the breakage of antennas on the aircraft.

Aerodynamic effects. Ice can alter the shape of an aerofoil. This can cause

control problems, change the angle of attack at which the aircraft stalls, Weight penalty (control and altitude problem)

Uncontrolled roll phenomenon referred to as roll upset that is

associated with severe in-flight icing.

Tail plane (empennage) stall Control buffeting Pilot induced oscillation

Effect of icing on Aircraft

Pneumatic Boot Deicing System

Basic Principle-Alternate or simultaneous inflations and

deflations of the boot breaks the accreted ice into particles

Aerodynamic and Centrifugal forces on rotating aerofoils

removes the ice

Deicing system Boot thickness < 0.075 inch

Pneumatic Boots

Components
Span wise / Chord wise pneumatic tubes
Regulated pressure source, Vacuum source and air

distribution system (Primary components)

Air filters, Control switches, relief valves (Miscellaneous)

Turbine Powered Pneumatic Boot Deicing system

Reciprocating Engine Powered Pneumatic Boot Deicing System

Advantages

Repair, Inspection, Maintenance are well understood Simplest and cost effective method

Disadvantages

Boot material deteriorates with time If accretion of ice is too thin, bridging may be formed

Pneumatic Impulse Deicing System

Deicer Embodiments
Skin-Bonded

Modular Composite Leading Edge Assembly

Configuration of Deicer

Recess-Bonded

Integrated Composite Leading Edge Assembly

Schematics and Working

Advantages

Low power requirement Aerodynamically nonintrusive and No runback and refreezing Thin ice removing capability (0.08-0.2 inch)

Disadvantages

Mechanical system-residual ice remains after the cycle Noise Fatigue of deicer

Electro impulse deicing system

Electro-Impulse De-icing (EIDI) is classified as a

mechanical ice protection method

Ice is shattered, debonded, and expelled from a surface by a

hammer-like blow delivered electro dynamically.

Removal of the ice shard is aided by turbulent airflow;

thus, relatively low electrical energy is required.

EIDI Operating concept

Primarily, this system consists of of ribbon-wire coils

rigidly supported inside the aircraft surface to be de-iced

It separated from small air gap and the coil under the skin

induces the strong eddy currents on surface

The circuit must have low resistance and inductance to

permit the discharge to be very rapid, typically less than one-half millisecond in duration

EIDI Operating concept(contd)

The eddy current and coil current fields are mutually

repulsive, resulting in a toroidal-shaped pressure on the skin opposite the coil

The peak force on the skin is typically 400-500 pounds,

produces sound resembling on metal

Resulting acceleration sheds ice from the surface and can

shed ice as thin as 0.05 but acceleration is rapid

EIDI Operating concept(contd.)

Impulse coils in a leading edge

EIDI Operating concept(contd.)

During EIDI systems operations, a coil receives two or three

successive pulses from the capacitor unit

The span wise extent of wing leading edge that each coil (or

coil pair) will deice depends largely on the structural properties of the leading edge
The capacitor is then switched to another coil station, and

then to another until it cycles around the aircraft

The time to complete the de-icing cycle must be less than

the time for acceptable ice accretion for the protected surfaces

EIDI Design concept

The EIDI system requires a careful and rather sophisticated

design
The current pulse width in the coil resulting from the capacitor

discharge must be properly matched to the skin electrical properties and to the leading-edge structural dynamic response
Failure to do this properly severely reduces the coils ice expelling

performance
Installation of the power supply and control system in the

aircraft should be done in a manner that minimizes the distance through which the high-energy electrical pulse must travel

EIDI Design concept(contd.)

Applications of EIDI
It is used in the following parts,
Aerofoil and leading edges Engine inlets Propellers and nose cones Helicopter rotors and hubs Radomes and Antennas Miscellaneous intakes and vents

Comparison
Through this method deicing of wind shield and engine

components cannot be done.

Sensors are not applicable in this method. Capacitors are used since the coil produces the current

which is drive through the these capacitors.

It can be easily shed ice as thin as 0.05

Advantages
Weight comparable to other deicing systems. Nonintrusive in the airstream, hence no aerodynamic

penalty.
Ice of all types is expelled, with only light residual ice

remaining after the impulses (i.e.) reliable deicing.

Low power required. EIDI system power consumption is

less than 1 percent of that required for hot air or electro thermal anti-ice systems.

Limitations
It has limited use.
It is not an anti-icing system, so some ice will be present

over most of the aircraft leading edges during flight in icing.

Complex design requirements. Outside the aircraft the discharges may be quite loud,

resembling a light gunshot.

Eddy Current Deicing System (ECDS)

ECDS is classified under the electro-mechanical ice

protection system. Uses eddy currents to produce momentary displacement of surface. The mechanism of ice removal is similar to earlier mentioned electro impulsive systems. This deicing system is differs in the design that causes the outer surface to accelerate.

ECDS Operating Principle

Accreted ice expulsed from the

blanket protected structures by a strong, rapid outward thrust of blanket surface.

The rapid outward thrust is the

reaction to pulsed current passed through flattened planar coils.

These planar coils run span-wise

along the LE as shown.

ECDS Operating Principle contd.

ECDS - Components

ECDS in Smaller Aircrafts

The power supply housing all the capacitor charging and distribution

ECDS in Larger Aircrafts

ECDS Design criterions

Metallic Good erosion characteristics Ease of maintenance

Deicer Blanket

Material Elastomeric Retro-fitting Installation Flexible adhesives Hard fasteners

Easier to install (retro-fit)

ECDS Potential Applications

ECDS can be used on: Wing leading edge Engine inlet periphery Its usage is limited in: Windshields Radar and antennas Flight sensors

ECDS A Summary
Advantages Limitations

Introduction
The system was developed in collaboration with NASA

Lewis and ARPAs SBIR program. The Sonic Pulse Electro-Expulsive Deicer (SPEED) is an acceleration based deicer for aircraft ice protection. SPEED evolved from the Electro-Impulsive deicing (EIDI) concept with a major improvement in the actuator coil and electronics.

Fatalities by accident categories, fatal accidents, worldwide commercial jet fleet.

Old methods could not remove thick ice formation over the leading edge.

An example: ATR-72 accident, Rose lawn, Indiana, Oct.31,1994, all passengers (72) killed . Embraer 120, Monroe, Michigan, Jan.9, 1997, 29 passengers & crew members killed.

Sonic Pulse Electro Expulsive Deicing System

Sonic pulse Electro

expulsive deicing system consists of : 1. Deicing Control Unit (DCU):

a.

smart box controller

2.

an Energy Storage Bank contains:

a.

Capacitors

b. c.

the electromagnetic actuators sensor.

Mechanism
Mounted on the substructure of the leading edge.
It apply impulsive loads directly to the aircraft skin or outer surface material. The rapid acceleration debonds and sheds ice into the airstream in a very efficient manner (ice layers can be shed as thin as 12 mm).

Typical sketch of the Sonic Pulse Electro Expulsive Deicing System by Innovative Dynamics.

Icing Onset Sensor (IOS) can be added to the basic system to provide an autonomous mode of operation

Actuator

Process

IOS detects and monitors

Sensor commands the deicer to fire

Feedback if another cycle required or not Smart box controller identifies the electrical leaks and short circuit

Various uses in aircrafts:

Propeller leading edge Helicopter rotor blade Wing leading edge

Tail leading edge

Also used in military applications

SPEED vs. Pneumatic Deicing boots.

Parameter Modern Technology: SPEED Traditional Technology: Pneumatic boots

1. Surface life

Life of aircraft

Months rather not years depending on service Measurable increase Baseline

2. Drag increment 3. Cost

No increase Equivalent

4. Weight
5. Electric power from 12m span

Equivalent
0.7kw

Baseline
Zero

Merits
Electrically operated
Very low power consumption Erosion resistant

Reliable and maintenance-free

Fault-tolerant operation Graceful degradation (of aircraft performance) Superior Performance Competitively Priced Enhanced Maintainability

Maintenance and cost:

Maintenance: No periodic inspection required Life time- 15 years Capacitors must be replaced that it reaches 1 million cycles Cuffs have been tested at over 250,000 firings and have not failed.
Cost: 10m wing span Aircraft about 50,000$-75,000$ System power requirements 300-700w RMS. Power consumption is about 450w for an entire aircraft for one pulse.

Principle
The ultrasonic de-icing system creates transverse shear stresses at

the ice/aerofoil interface that exceed the ice adhesion strength of ice, promoting delamination of ice.
It is done by launching ultrasonic shear-horizontal waves at the ice-

substrate interface.
The goal is to induce sufficiently large shear strains at the ice-substrate

interface so as to weaken or break the interfacial bond.

To demonstrate instantaneous ice delamination due to ultrasonic

excitation, a suitable actuator, able to provide transverse shear stresses exceeding the adhesion strength of ice to steel, has to be selected.

Deicing Mechanism

Target adhesive shear strength of the ice aluminium interface bond

dynamic shear stress generated by the actuator at the interface increases the stress concentration

stress concentrations result in crack patterns

The mechanical, dielectric and piezoelectric losses in the actuator combined with the mechanical losses in the ice layer are converted into heat energy

Deicing Mechanism (contd.)

Design Requirements
Power consumption of less than 2 kW with minimal current

consumption.
Produce a shear stress of 1.42MPa at the ice Aluminium

interface
Withstand centrifugal forces due to blade rotation Withstand ambient temperatures from -50C to 100C Not disturb the blade aerodynamics

Overview of Available Actuators

Piezo Electric Actuator

The direct piezoelectric effect is the property of piezoelectric crystals to produce a charge when stressed

Inverse piezoelectric effect

is the ability of piezoelectric crystals to strain under an

applied electric field. Thus piezoelectric materials can be used as electro-mechanical actuators and sensors.

The goal of the actuator is to launch guided shear horizontal waves through the rotor blade erosion shield (substrate) so as to overcome the adhesive strength of the ice-substrate bond.

Piezo Electric Actuator (contd.)

Have the capability of producing the required maximum

stresses

Available in various sizes and shapes as well as various

modes of vibration (thickness extension, length extension and thickness shear) heating systems as well as other electro-mechanical actuation technologies

Consume low electrical power compared to thermal

Can produce bi-directional strain

SHAPE MEMORY ALLOY DE-ICING TECHNOLOGY

Shape Memory Alloys can be

plastically deformed at some relatively low temperature (Martensite phase) Upon exposure to some higher temperature (Austenite phase), will return to their original shape. Advantage:
Low size & weight Less energy consumption

Resistance to corrosion, abrasion

 Types:
One Way SMA (Cannot return

unassisted) Two Way SMA (Use Temperature to return to original form)

Actuation methods:
Self actuation using latent heat of

fusion, increase surface temperature by 25 F External resistance heating system

NiTi is used:
One Way SMA in Leading Edge

highly durable 4% elastic deformation Memory strain 8% Permanent deformation > 5% after million cycle

Debonding Action
Forward Transformation SMA heated by electric heater

0.1-0.3% shear strain

Ice deposit peel off into the air Reverse Transformation occurs

sufficient to debond ice deposits

Once ice removed, SMA is

Shearing action developed

cooled by ambient air

Positioning Shape Memory Alloy in the Leading edge

Chord wise Positioning

Span wise Positioning

Block Diagram of Active State Sheet

Block Diagram of Current Pulse generator

Summary
Ice protection and types of ice encountered in an aircraft
Ice protection system namely:
Pneumatic deicing

Electro-impulsive deicing
Eddy current deicing Sonic pulsed electro expulsive deicing Ultrasonic deicing

SMA technologies for deicing

Except pneumatic, the above listed are still in need of

complete approval from FAA for commercial use.

Questions