Tenses bentuk kata kerja yg menunjukkan waktu
dari suatu tindakan atau kegiatan Berdasar ada tidaknya kata kerja nyata, kalimat dibagi jadi dua : kalimat nominal dan kalimat verbal
Kalimat nominal
Tidak memiliki kata kerja nyata, hanya mempunyai kata kerja penghubung yaitu to be sebagai kata kerja utamanya. am, is, are, was, were, be, been
Kalimat verbal
Memiliki kata kerja nyata sebagai kata kerja utamanya (main verb). walk, drink, feel, come etc.
Kalimat Nominal
Subject + is/am/are + complement
I am a student She is a singer
You are lecturer
Ikrar and Amin are famous magician
Kalimat Verbal Subject + Verb1/verb-s/-es (klu he,se it pke s-es)
I go to school every day You look happy They do their work on time We like this song He comes to his house twice a day He learns English almost every day
Notes: Jika subyeknya:
I, you, we, they, my friends kata kerjanya: verb1 he, she, it, Andi, my friend kata kerjanya: verb-s/es
Mengungkapkankejadian, tindakan atau sesuatu dgn ciri-2 berikut: 1. Kebiasaan
My sister drinks milk every morning They speak English every day
2. Kebenaran Umum
The sun rises in the east The world is round
3. Terjadwal atau terencana
The train arrives at 04.00 The shop closes at 09.00
Time
Now
Tanda waktu (Time marker)
Every : every day, every morning, every Sunday, every year, Always, never, rarely, sometimes, often, usually. On Sundays, on Fridays In the morning, in the evening
Kalimat Nominal
Subject + is/am/are + complement
I am an university student She is a singer
You are director
Kalimat Verbal
Subject + Verb1/verb-s/-es
I go to school every day You look happy They do their work on time We like this song He comes to his house twice a day He learns English almost every day
Digunakan pada:
1. Kejadian yg sedang berlangsung
Susi is sleeping at her room now They are watching TV now
2. Kejadian yang akan datang dlm waktu dekat
We are living for Bali tomorrow morning We are coming soon
Time
Now
Kata kerja yg tak bisa (hampir tidak pernah) menjadi verb-ing:
wish want understand remember realize hate hear believe belong taste suppose sound love mean need own forget smell seem see prefer like know appear have
Time markers
now at the moment at present the moment this time
Kalimat Nominal
Subject + has/have/been + complement
I have been here for two hours They have been in Malaysia since five years ago He has been here for years
Kalimat Verbal
Subject + has/have + verb3
I have lived here for three years We have done our work since yesterday He has written this storybook Mr. Rusdi has written many books since he graduated from the university
Digunakan ketika mengungkapkan:
1. Tindakan atau keinginan yg tlh selesai sebelum now
She done all the works We have visited some libraries in this town
2. Perbuatan atau kegiatan yg dilakukan pd waktu lampau dan msh berkaitan dgn waktu sekarang
My father has taught Maths since twenty years ago I have waited for my mother for two hours
3. Aktivitas yg tlh selesai dilakukan, namun hasilnya bs dirasakan saat ini
She has read this book. They have seen this film several time.
Time
Now
Time markers
Since .: since last week, since 1972 For .: for three months, for two days Already, just, not yet, three times, so far
Kalimat nominal Sama dengan Present Perfect Tense
Subject + has/have/been + Complement
Kalimat Verbal
Subject + has/have/been + verb-ing
I have been learning English for twoyears The baby has been sleeping three hours My sisters has been sleeping since three oclock
Digunakan ketika mengungkapkan:
Suatu aktivitas berlangsung cukup lama, dimulai pada masa lampau dan masih terus berlangsung sampai sekarang
Contoh: I have been learning English for two years
Time
Now
Time markers
Since .: since I was a child
since two years ago since we met
For .: for three years
for three hours
Kalimat Nominal
Subject + was/were + complement
I was in Bali last week She was very happy yesterday Edwin was here yust now They were very excited We were very happy
Kalimat Verbal
Subject + Verb2
John went to Singapore last month He visited me yesterdaay She wrote a letter to her father last week I met Linda three days ago They drank tea this morning
Mengungkapkan
1. Kejadian yg terjd di waktu tertentu di masa lampau
Dina was here yesterday He played badminton last Saturday
2. Kebiasaan atau kejadian yg berulangulang di masa lampau
He always studied hard when he was a student In the past, smoked almost every day You always cried every day when you were a baby
Time
Now
Tanda waktu (Time marker)
Yesterday Just now. Last : last week, last month, last year, last Monday, last February .. ago: three days ago, two weeks ago, two years ago
Kalimat Nominal
Sama dengan Simple Past Tense
Subject + was/were + complement
Kalimat Verbal
Subject + was/were + verb-ing
Susi was listening to the radio when I came The young lady was sleeping when her friends arrived
When I was writing a story , my mother phoned
The director phoned me when I was attending a meeting
Indi was watching television, while Indra was reading a novel
Digunakan untuk mengungkapkan:
1. Tindakan di masa lampau yang disela tindakan atau kejadian yg lain
Susi was watching television when I came
2. Dua kejadian atau tindakan yg terjadi dlm waktu yg sama di masa lampau
Iwan was reading a book while Susan was sitting in the living room
3. Kejadian atau tindakan yg sedang berlangsung pd waktu tertentu di masa lampau
Doni was studying at eight oclock last night
Time
Now
Time markers
when while at
Kalimat Nominal Subject + had been + complement
He had been here before I came The student had been in the classroom before the lecturer come in
Kalimat Verbal Subject + had + verb 3
Didan had gone to the school before he went home Dina drank her tea after she had finished her work Before Shinta cooked, she had bought meat in the market Doni had lived in Jakarta for five years before he moved to Surabaya
Digunakan untuk mengungkapkan:
1. Tindakan yg terjd sebelum tindakan lain di masa lampau
Didan had gone to the school before he went home
2. Kejadian atau kondisi atau peristiwa yg berlangsung selama waktu tertentu dimsa lampau, tetapi berhenti sebelum now
Doni had lived in Jakarta for five years before he moved to Surabaya
Time
Now
Time markers
before after when
Kalimat Nominal
Sama dengan pola Past Perfect Tense
Subject + had been + complement
Kalimat Verbal
Subject + had + been + verb-ing
My father had been working at the company for twenty years before he retired
Time
Now
Time markers
before for
Kalimat Nominal
Subject + well/shall + be + complement I shall be here tomorrow They will be very happy because of you She will be there
Kalimat Verbal 1 Subject + well/shall + verb 1
The disrector will create a new movie next
Sunday They will take an examination tomorrow morning Tantri will travel around Kalimantan next March
Kalimat Verbal 2
Subject + am/is/are + going to + verb 1
I am going to finish my study next November He is going to visit Bali next month They are going to see their parents this weekend
Time marker
1. Tomorrow 2. Next ..: next week; next month; next year 3. Tonight 4. In the future 5. This weekend 6. In five days
Kalimat Nominal
Sama dengan Future Tense
Subject + well/shall + be + complement
Kalimat Verbal
Subject + well/shall + be + verb-ing
The disreAt 8 oclock tomorrow, I will be
watching my favorite film He will be listening his favorite song at this time tomorrow She will be attending the biologic class at this time next Tuesday
Time marker
1. At this time omorrow 2. At nin e oclock tomorrow morning 3. At the same time tomorrow
