NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
INTRODUCTION
As the nations of the world seek to meet the increasing demands for energy of their people, environmental pollutants from the burning of coal, oil, and natural gas. The environmental consequences of this heavy reliance on fossil fuel are only now being fully realized. And we know that the fossil fuel are limited and withstand on the crease of finish. But as the worlds demand for energy continues to increase, how is this target to be met? Nuclear energy is a non-fossil, non-carbon, and non-air-polluting source of energy that has provided many nations of the world with vast amounts of electric power.
MATERIAL AND REACTION WHICH
OCCURRED IN NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
NUCLEAR PLANT DIAGRAM
NUCLEAR FUEL
Nuclear
fuel is any material that can be consumed to
derive nuclear energy. The most common type of nuclear fuel is fissile elements that can be made to undergo
nuclear fission chain reactions in a nuclear reactor.
The
most common nuclear fuels are 235U and 239Pu.
Not all nuclear fuels are used in fission chain reactions
NUCLEAR FISSION
When
a neutron strikes an atom of uranium, the uranium
splits ingto two lighter atoms and releases heat simultaneously.
Fission
of heavy elements is an exothermic reaction which
can release large amounts of energy both as electromagnetic radiation and as kinetic energy of the fragments
NUCLEAR CHAIN REACTIONS
A
chain reaction refers to a process in which neutrons released in
fission produce an additional fission in at least one further nucleus. This nucleus in turn produces neutrons, and the process repeats. If the process is controlled it is used for nuclear power or if uncontrolled it is used for nuclear weapons.
U235 + n fission + 2 or 3 n + 200 MeV
If each neutron releases two or three neutrons, then the number of fissions double or triple in each generation.
In that case, in 10 generations there are more then
1,024 fissions and in 80 generations about 6 x 10 23 (a mole) fissions.
NUCLEAR REACTOR
A
nuclear reactor is a device in which
nuclear chain reactions are initiated,
controlled, and sustained at a steady rate, as
opposed to a nuclear bomb, in which the chain reaction occurs in a fraction of a second and is
uncontrolled causing an explotion.
CONTROL RODS
Control
rods made of a material that absorbs
neutrtons are inserted into the bundle using a
mechanism that can rise or lower the control rods.
.
The control rods essentially contain neutron
absorbers like, boron, cadmium or indium.
STEAM GENERATORS
Steam
generators are heat exchangers used to
convert water into steam from heat produced in a nuclear reactor core.
Either
ordinary water or heavy water is used as the
coolant.
STEAM TURBINE
A
steam turbine is a mechanical device that extracts
thermal energy from pressurized steam, and converts it
into useful mechanical
Various high-performance alloys and superalloys
have been used for steam generator tubing.
COOLANT PUMP
The
coolant pump pressurizes the coolant to pressures of the
orderof 155bar.
The
pressue of the coolant loop is maintained almost constant
with the help of the pump and a pressurizer unit.
FEED PUMP
Steam
coming out of the turbine, flows
through the condenser for condensation and recirculated for the next cycle of operation.
The
feed pump circulates the condensed
water in the working fluid loop.
CONDENSER
Condenser
is a device or unit which is used to
condense vapor into liquid.
The
objective of the condenser are to reduce the
turbine exhaust pressure to increase the efficiency and to recover high qyuality feed water in the form of condensate & feed back it to the steam generator
without any further treatment.
COOLING TOWER
Cooling
towers are heat removal devices used to transfer
process waste heat to the atmosphere.
Water
cirulating throughthe codeser is taken to the cooling
tower for cooling and reuse
IN INDIA
Nuclear power plants
Currently, nineteen nuclear power reactors produce 4,560.00 MW (2.9% of total installed base).
Power station
Kaiga Kakrapar
Operator
NPCIL NPCIL
State
Karnataka Gujarat
Type
PHWR PHWR
Units
220 x 3 220 x 2
Total capacity (MW)
660 440
Kalpakkam
NPCIL
Tamil Nadu
PHWR
220 x 2
440
Narora
NPCIL
Uttar Pradesh
PHWR
220 x 2 100 x 1 200 x 1 220 x 4 160 x 2 540 x 2 19
440
Rawatbhata
NPCIL
Rajasthan
PHWR
1180
Tarapur
NPCIL
Maharashtra
BWR (PHWR) Total
1400 4560
The projects under construction are:
Power station Operator State Kaiga Kudankulam NPCIL NPCIL Karnataka Type PHWR Units 220 x 1 Total capacity (MW) 220
Tamil Nadu VVER-1000 1000 x 2 2000
Kalpakkam
NPCIL
Tamil Nadu PFBR
Total
500 x 1
4
500
2720
The planned projects are:
Power station
Kakrapar Rawatbhata Kudankulam Jaitapur Kaiga
Operator State
NPCIL NPCIL NPCIL NPCIL NPCIL Bhavini NPCIL NTPC NPCIL Gujarat Rajasthan Tamil Nadu Maharashtra Karnataka
Type
PHWR PHWR VVER-1200 EPR PWR PFBR AHWR PWR PHWR
Units
640 x 2 640 x 2 1200 x 2 1600 x 4 1000 x 1, 1500 x 1 470 x 4 300 1000 x 2 640 x 4
Total capacity (MW)
1280 1280 2400 6400 2500 1880 300 2000 2560
Total
10
20600
ADVANTAGES
Nuclear
power generation does emit relatively low amounts of carbon
dioxide (CO2). The emissions of green house gases and therefore the contribution of nuclear power plants to global warming is therefore relatively little.
This
technology is readily available, it does not have to be developed
first.
It
is possible to generate a high amount of electrical energy in one single
plant
Compete Make
economically with natural gas
money for the investors.
DISADVANTAGES
The
problem of radioactive waste is still an unsolved one.
risks: It is technically impossible to build a plant with
High
100% security.
The
energy source for nuclear energy is Uranium. Uranium
is a scarce resource, its supply is estimated to last only for the next 30 to 60 years depending on the actual demand.
Contd.
Nuclear
power plants as well as nuclear waste could
be preferred targets for terrorist attacks..
During
the operation of nuclear power plants,
radioactive waste is produced, which in turn can be used for the production of nuclear weapons.
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