A presentation on..

Real and Reactive Power flow Control Using Flexible Ac Transmission System connected to a Transmission line: a Power Injection Concept

By

Sanjeev kumar T M

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION CONTROL OF POWER SYSTEMS GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF FACTS DEVICES FACTS DEVICES MODEL CONTROL METHODOLOGY FACTS APPLICATIONS IN POWER SYSTEMS CONCLUSION REFERENCES

INTRODUCTION

The main objective of the power system operation is to match supply/demand, provide compensation for transmission loss, voltage and frequency regulation, reliability provision etc. The need for more efficient and fast responding electrical systems has given rise to innovative technologies in transmission using solidstate devices. These are called FACTS devices which enhance stability and increase line loadings closer to thermal limits.

FACTS devices are the key to produce electrical energy economically and environmental friendly in future.

Firstly, the power electronics-based voltage sources can internally generate and absorb reactive power without the use of ac capacitors or reactors. Secondly, they can facilitate both reactive and real power compensation and thereby can provide independent control for real and reactive power flow.
Its main objectives are to increase power transmission capability, voltage control, voltage stability enhancement and power system stability improvement.

CONTROL OF POWER SYSTEMS

Generation,Transmission,Distribution Power System Constraints Controllability of Power Systems Benefits of Control of Power Systems

Power System Constraints

The limitations of the transmission system can take many forms and may involve power transfer between areas (referred to here as transmission bottlenecks) or within a single area or region (referred to here as a regional constraint) and may include one or more of the following characteristics:

Voltage Stability Limit Dynamic Voltage Limit Steady-State Power Transfer Limit Transient Stability Limit Short-Circuit Current Limit Power System Oscillation Damping Limit Thermal Limit .

Controllability of Power Systems

To illustrate that the power system only has certain variables that can be impacted by control, consider the basic and well-known power-angle curve, shown. Although this is a steady-state curve and the implementation of FACTS is primarily for dynamic issues, Voltage Angle Impedance

Cont

Fig. 1 power flow in Power System

Cont
With the establishment of what variables can be controlled in a power system, the next question is how these variables can be controlled. The answer is presented in two parts: namely Conventional equipment.
Transformer LTC, Switched Shunt-Capacitor and Reactor, Synchronous Condenser etc, which Controls voltage. Phase Shifting Transformer, and Series Capacitor which Controls angle and impedance respectively.

FACTS controllers.

Thyristor Controlled Series Compensator (TCSC), which Controls Impedance. Static Var Compensator (SVC) which Controls Voltage. Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) which Controls Voltage. Static Synchronous Series Controller (SSSC), Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC), Inter-phase Power Flow Controller (IPFC) Each of the aforementioned (and similar) controllers impact voltage, impedance, and/or angle (& power)) Thyristor Controlled Phase Shifting Transformer (TCPST) which Controls angle.

Benefits of Control of Power Systems

Once power system constraints are identified and through system studies viable solutions options are identified, the benefits of the added power system control must be determined.

Improved Power System Stability Increased System Reliability Increased System Security Increased Loading and More Effective Use of Transmission Corridors Added Flexibility in Siting New Generation

GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF FACTS DEVICES

Basic Types of Facts Controller

FACTS controllers are used for the dynamic control of voltage, impedance and phase angle of high voltage AC transmission lines.

FACTS controllers can be divided into four categories:

1. 2. 3. 4.

Series controllers. Shunt controllers. Combined series-series controllers. Combined series-shunt controllers.

Series controllers.
Series controllers:
The series controller could be a variable impedance or a variable source both are power electronics based. In principle, all series controllers inject voltage in series with the line.

Fig. 2 Series facts controller

Symbol For Series Controller

Shunt controllers.
Shunt controllers:
The shunt controllers may be variable impedance connected to the line voltage causes a variable current flow hence represents injection of current into the line.

Fig.3 Shunt facts controller

Symbol for shunt Controller

Combined series-series controllers.

Fig.4 Combined Series-Series Facts Controllers

Combined series-series controllers:
The combination could be separate series controllers or unified series-series controller--Interline Power Flow Controller.

Combined Series-Shunt Facts Controllers

Combined Series-Shunt Facts Controllers

Combined series-shunt controllers:
The combination could be separated series and shunt controllers or a unified power flow controller.

Thyristor-Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC)

Thyristor-Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC)

Line Impedance Compensation Can Control Power Flow Continuously

FACTS Implementation TCSC

TCSC is an effective and economical means of solving problems of transient stability, dynamic stability, steady state stability and voltage stability in long transmission lines. TCSC, the first generation of FACTS, can control the line impedance through the introduction of a thyristor controlled capacitor in series with the transmission line .

FACTS Implementation UPFC

FACTS UPFC controller scheme

Regulating Bus Voltage and Injecting Voltage in Series with the Line Can Control Power Flow

The UPFC by means of angularly unconstrained series voltage injection is able to control, concurrently or selectively, the transmission line voltage, impedance, and angle or, alternatively, the real and reactive power flow in the line..

FACTS DEVICES MODEL

FACTS devices are varied by particular basic topology and fabricated power electronics elements structure. These make the comparison among each of FACTS hard to be done. General topology or developing of general model is needed for this problem.

Power Injection Concept

From the power electronics viewpoint, FACTS employs selfcommutated, voltage-sourced switching converters to realize rapid controllable, static, synchronous ac voltage or current sources. To simplify FACTS devices model, refer to operating of FACTS in the power system viewpoint, it is therefore represented as a power injection device.

Basic Elements

Fig. 6 Basic Elements of Facts Device Modeling

Type Definition
In modern world, FACTS is not restricted to be only the power electronic based control reactive compensator. In this paper, FACTS has been defined and categorized into seven types by Power controlled function and power system connecting configuration as follow:
Type 1- Reactive power controlled series configuration

Type 2- Active-Reactive power controlled series configuration

Type 3- Reactive power controlled series configuration Type 4- Active-Reactive power controlled series configuration Type 5- Active-Reactive power controlled series-shunt configuration Type 6- Active-Reactive power controlled series-shunt configuration - Series controlling active power Type 7 -Active-Reactive power controlled series-shunt configuration - Shunt

controlling active power

Fig.7 Power controlled function and power system connecting configuration

CONTROL METHODOLOGY

Note: x = switch off o = switch on o*=switch on with condition respected to the definition

Fig.8 Control Strategy

FACTS APPLICATIONS IN POWER SYSTEMS

The application of FACTS controllers in power system can obtain, on a case-by-case basis, one or more of the following benefits. The contributions of each FACTS controller are:

Control of power flow. Increase the loading capability of lines Improve transient stability limit during contingencies. Reduce the short-circuit power level Compensate reactive power Improve dynamic voltage stability Control loop power flow Damp power oscillation Mitigate voltage unbalance due to single-phase loads

TECHNICAL BENEFITS OF MAIN FACT DEVICE

CONCLUSION

Finally, an introduction to the basic circuits of several FACTS controllers was provided with a focus on their system performance characteristics. The FACTS controllers clearly enhance power system performance, improve quality of supply and also provide an optimal utilization of the existing resources. It has been concluded that none of the existing FACTS devices namely, TCSC provide reactive power control on transmission lines. In this respect, UPFC has the advantage over TCSC and phase shifter that it can control not only real power but also reactive power flow on transmission lines simultaneously Future systems can be expected to operate at higher stress levels so the FACTS could provide means to control and alleviate stress.

Refrences

International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Engineering & Technology (IJARCET) Volume 1, Issue 6, August 2012 Kannan. S, Shesha Jayaram and M.M.A.Salama. (2007) Real and Reactive Power Coordination for a Unified Power Flow Controller IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 2007,

vol.19.No.3, pp. 1454 1461.

International Journal of Computer and Electrical Engineering, Vol. 1, No. 1, April 2009.