Plant like Protists
Autotrophic (all have chlorophyll a) Have cell wall Alga are divided by pigments, cell wall types, and food storage compounds
FYI
Thallus - body portion of an algae Blue green algae are not protists at all-- they are Cyanobacteria, a moneran (lab) Watch the green algae, because of their similarities with them, they are probably the ancestors of modern plants
Algae
IDENTIFY THE TYPE OF ALGAE
CLASSIFICATION OF ALGAE
SEVEN PHYLUM BASED ON
COLOR TYPE OF CHLOROPHYLL FOOD-STORAGE SUBSTANCE CELL WALL COMPOSITION
Plantlike Protists
Algae
Bacillariophyta (Diatoms) Navicula Actinopoda Radiolarian Dinomastigota Gonyaulax Rhodophyta (Red Algae) Chondrus Phaeophyta (Brown Algae) Laminaria Chlorophyta (Green Algae) Ulva Gamophyta (Conjugating Green Algae) Spirogyra
General Structures
Algae
Structure
Single cell (unicellular) Colonial (filaments) Multicellular (Thallus)
Do Not form tissues Contain Chloroplasts May contain pyrenoids
starch storage areas on chloroplast
General Structures
Cell walls of cellulose
exception..diatoms and Actipodans
Algae
have silica walls
motile algae have flagella multicellular algae may reproduce sexually
produce gametes
Asexual reproduction by
fission spores (zoospores)
REPRODUCTION
MOST REPRODUCE BOTH SEXUALLY AND ASEXUALLY Most sexual reproduction is triggered by environmental stress Asexual Reproduction
Mitosis
Sexual Reproduction
Meiosis Zoospores Plus and minus gametes Zygospore
Oedogonium reproduction
Reproduction in Multicellular Algae
oogoni um
Antheridium-release flagellated sperm that swim to the oogonium Oogonium-houses the zygote which is a diploid spore
The spore undergoes meiosis and produces 4 haploid zoospores. One of the four cells becomes a rootlike holdfast the others divide and become a new filament.
Algae: Plant-like Protists
Unicellular
Phylum Euglenophyta
Euglena
Multicellular
Phylum Rhodophyta
red algae red seaweed.
Phylum Chyrsophyta (Bacillariophyta)
golden algae diatoms
Phylum Phaeophyta
brown algae kelp
Phylum Pyrrophyta
fire algae Dinoflagellates
Phylum Chlorophyta
green algae Volvox
Phylum Chlorophyta
Green algae 7000 diverse species Biologist reason that green algae give rise to land plants. Both green algae and land plants have chlorophyll a and B as well as carotenoids and store food as starch Both have walls made of cellulose
Chlorophyta
Green Algae Are photosynthesizing autotrophs
contain Chlorophyll
Algae
Aquatic, marine, terrestrial Unicellular Chlamydomonas, Chlorella, Desmids Multicellular filament Oedogonium Colonial sphere Volvox
Reproductive Strategies
Green Algae
Fragmentation
asexual individual filament breaks into pieces each piece develops into a new filament
Alternation of Generations
alternate between haploid and diploid generations
Reproductive Strategies
Green Algae
Alternation of Generations
Gametophyte generation = haploid
Produces gametes
N = N =2N
N chromosome number
(haploid + haploid = diploid)
Sporophyte generation = diploid
undergoes meiosis produces Spores with N chromosome number
Chlorophyta green algae
Pigments (like plants)
chl a,b carotenoids
Cell wall = cellulose (like plants) Storage = starch (like plants)
Ancestors of plants Can be unicellular, filimentous, colonial, and multicellular Motile - uni and colonial Habitat fresh water
Algae Structure
Unicellular
single cell phytoplankton
Filamentous
the cells divide but do not separate causing long strands cells do not differentiate
Colonial
groups of cells acting in a coordinated manner
Multicellular
Some differentiation
Green algae
Sea lettuce (Ulva) lives in salt waters along the coast. Structure of green algae: from Single cells (Micrasterias) Filaments
Colonies (Volvox)
Thalli (leaf-like shape)
Example 1 of Chlorophyta green algae
Chlamydomonos
- Unicellular
- Motile, Flagellated
Example #2 of Chlorophyta green algae
Spirogyra Filimentous - the cells divide but do not separate causing long strands -cells do not differentiate
Example #3 of Chlorophyta green algae
Volvox , Pandorina Colonial: Cells have different roles
flagellated cells photosynthetic gametocytes
Cells not trully differentiated
Example #4 of Chlorophyta green algae
Ulva (sea lettuce) Multicellular Reproduces by alternation of generations
Phylum Phaeophyta
1500 species of Brown algae Mostly marine and include seaweed and kelp All are multicellular and large (often reaching lengths of 147 feet) Individual alga may grow to a length of 100m with a holdfast, stipe and blade Used in cosmetics and most ice creams
Phaeophyta
Brown Algae All Autotrophic Most diverse phylum 1500 species
Algae
Unicellular and multicellular Sargassum nitans Kelp structure is a thallus Thallus: an algae body, no roots, stems, leaves is divided into: Holdfast, Stipe, Blade Rockweed Ectocarpus, Laminaria, Fucus
Contain Chlorophyll and Fucoxanthin
Phaeophyta brown algae
Pigments
chl a,c carotenoids Fucoxanthin
Phaeophytabrown algae
Examples
kelp
parts of kelp
holdfast, stipe, blade, bladder
blade
temperate seaweed
All multicellular
habitat salt water nonmotile*
bladder stipe holdfast
Phylum Rhodophyta
4000 species of RED Algae Most are marine Smaller than brown algae and are often found at a depth of 200 meters. Contain chlorophyll a and C as well as phycobilins which are important in absorbing light that can penetrate deep into the water Have cells coated in carageenan which is used in cosmetics, gelatin capsules and some cheeses
Rhodophyta
Red Algae Red Seaweeds All Autotrophic All multicellular All marine Attach to rocks by Holdfast cell Contain Phycobilins
Algae
absorb green, violet and blue light allows photosynthesis at depths below 100m
Rhodophyta red algae
pigments
chl a carotenoids Phycoblins
cell wall
CaCO3
Rhodophyta red algae
examples
tropical red seaweed
multicellular
habitat salt water nonmotile
agar
Phylum Euglenophyta
1000 species of Euglenoids Have both plantlike and animal-like characteristics Fresh water
Euglenophyta
Pigment
chl a chl b carotenoids
Cell Wall
protein pellicle
Food Storage
polysaccharide
Examples:
Euglena, Astasia (can lose its chloroplasts and become heterotrophic)
Euglenophyta
all unicellular
motile: flagella Habitat
fresh water
eyespot
Other Phylum Representatives
Diatoms used in detergents, paint removers, toothpaste
Dinoflagellates red tides Golden algae
Important in the formation of petroleum products
Pyrrophyta fire algae dinoflagellata
pigments
chl a,c carotenoids peridinum cellulose
cell wall
starch
food storage
Pyrrophyta fire algae
Examples: dinoflagellates unicellular
habitat fresh/salt motile: biflagellates
Pyrrophyta Dinoflagellates red tide
cause red tide often phosphorescent Algal bloom Toxins
Chrysophyta golden algae
Pigment
chl a,b carotenoids fucoxanthin
cell wall
silica cell wall
food storage
oil
Chrysophyta golden algae
Example: diatoms Unicellular (some colonial) motile : raphe
habitat salt/fresh water
FORM:
Diatomaceous Earth Petroleum Deposits
reproduction
asexual sexual
Diatoms: Division Bacillariophyta Large group of algae (many unidentified). Relatively recently evolved group Habitat: Diatoms live in cool oceans Structure: mostly unicellular, have silica in their cell walls
1. Diatoms
Diatoms
Very important for aquatic food chains: they provide phytoplankton sun
Phytoplankton Zooplankton small fish larger fish mollusks whales
Can reproduce asexually for many generations, then sexually
Algae
Diatoms
Unicellular aquatic & marine species
Shells made of silica Each species has unique shaped shells
microscopic pillboxes
Classified by body shape
Radially symmetrical Bilaterally symmetrical
Algae
Diatoms
Are photosynthesizing autotrophs Contain chlorophyll Also contain caroteniod pigment: fucoxanthin
Have golden color
Carotenoid masks the chlorophyll
Food stored as oil, not starch Shell deposits mined
abrasives, filtration material, paint reflectorizor
Diatom Reproduction
Algae
Asexual Reproduction
Through the process of fission, each half of the box forms a new half to fit inside itself. Therefore... Half the offspring are smaller than the parents. When the diatom generation is 1/4 the original size, sexual reproduction takes place.
Diatom Reproduction
Algae
Sexual Reproduction
Gametes (isogametes) are produced Gametes fuse with a gamete from another diatom to form a zygote The zygote develops into a full sized diatom The diatom begins reproducing asexually
Economic Value
Algae
An essential source of food and O2
Make up major part of Phytoplankton
food for marine animals
Supply O2 for atmosphere Symbiotic relationships with Plants, Animals and Fungi
