Purita P. Bilboa,Ed. D.
Author
Jeffrey C. Flores Discussant
Teaching as a Process in Curriculum
What do you know about
teaching? What knowledge is needed to understand this process?
Teaching as a Process in Curriculum
Good teaching is difficult to agree upon. While it remains to be difficult to agree on what good teaching is, effective teaching can be demonstrated. Effective teaching is one that will bring about the intended learning outcomes.
Traditionalists believe that
Teaching is a process of imparting and skills required
to master a subject matter. It is a process of dispensing knowledge to an empty vessel which is the mind of the learner. Teaching is showing, telling, giving instruction, making someone understand in order to learn. In this instance, the person who teaches, controls learning.
Teaching is now perceived as stimulating, directing, guiding the learner and evaluating the learning outcomes of teaching. The teachers role in teaching becomes complex but has given the learner the responsibility to learn. Teaching then is a process that enables the learner to learn on his/her own.
The teacher now becomes a decision maker in the teaching process. Let us look at the teaching process as a series of actions from
PLANNING, IMPLEMENTING and EVALUATING
PLAN
IMPLEMENT
EVALUATE
Feedback Reflection
In teaching, the planning phase includes decision about
1.
2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
The needs of the learners The achievable goals and objectives to meet the needs The selection of the content to be taught The motivation to carry out the goals The strategies most fit to carry out the goals and, The evaluation process to measure learning outcomes.
The implementation phase requires the teacher to implement what has been planned. Base on the objectives, implementation means to put into action the different activities in order to achieve the objectives through the subject matter. Hence, two important players are involved: the teacher and the learner. Their interaction is important in the accomplishment of the plan.
In the evaluation phase, a match of the objectives with the learning outcomes will be made. The kind of information should be determined so that the type of evaluation should be chosen to fit the purpose.
To give a feedback is to give information as to whether the three phases were appropriately done and gave good results.
Reflection is a process embedded in teaching where the teacher inquires into his or her actions and provides deep and critical thinking.
On the basis of the diagram, basic assumptions can be made. These assumptions are:
1. The teaching is goal-oriented with the change of behavior as the ultimate end;
2. That teachers are the ones who shape actively
their own actions; 3. The teaching is a rational and a reflective process; and 4. That teachers by their actions can influence learners to change their own thinking or desired behavior, thus teaching is a way of changing behavior through the intervention of the teacher.
Indicators which you can use to guide in the process of good teaching.
Good teaching is one that is well planned and where
activities are interrelated to each other. Good teaching is one that provides learning experiences or situations that will ensure understanding, application and critical thinking. Good teaching is based on the theories of learning. Good teaching is one where the learner is stimulated to think and reason
Indicators which you can use to guide in the process of good teaching.
Good teaching utilizes prior learning
and its application to new situations. Good teaching is governed by democratic principles. Good teaching embeds a sound evaluation process.
Learning as a Process in Curriculum
To teach, is to make someone to learn.
What is learning?
What are the ways of learning?
When do say that we have
learned?
Learning is usually defined as a change in an individuals behavior caused by experiences or self-activity. It implies that learning can only happen through the individuals activity or his/her own doing. Most learning is intentional, like when a learner acquires knowledge in the classroom or when one observes a demonstration activity. Intentional learning occurs when activities are purposefully arranged for the students to participate and experience.
Two principal types of learning theories
behavioral learning theories cognitive learning theories
Behavioral Learning Theories
It emphasize observable behavior such as new skills, knowledge, or attitudes which can be demonstrated
Early Behavioral Learning Theories
Ivan Pavlovs Classical Conditioning
Theory Edward Thorndikes Law of Learning BF Skinners Operant Conditioning. Albert Banduras modeling or observational learning
Cognitive Models
Jerome bruner (1966)
David Ausubel (1968) Robert Gagne (1970)
Described three models of teaching which are anchored on the
cognitive learning
theory.
Discovery learning of Jerome Bruner
Learners are inherently curious, thus they
can be self motivated until they find answers to the problems. Learners, when actively involved in their own learning, will continuously construct their own knowledge. Learning is flexible, exploratory and independent.
Reception learning of David Ausubel
though learners are inherently curious, they may not be able to know what is important or relevant and they need external motivation in order to learn
learners should be actively involved in their own learning learning is important in order to learn new things and because knowledge continuously changes once it is in the learners mind.
Events of Learning of Robert Gagne
Motivation phase the learner must be motivated to learn by expectation that learning will be rewarding. 2. Apprehending phase the learner attends or pays attention if learning has to take place. 3. Acquisition phase while the learner is paying attention, the stage is set and the information presented. Learner transforms information into meaningful form. The mental images formed associates the new information with old information. This is where advance organizers are useful. 4. Retention phase the newly acquired information must be transferred from short-term to longterm memory. This may take place by means of practice, elaboration or rehearsal.
1.
Events of Learning of Robert Gagne
5. Recall phase Recall previous learned information. To learn to gain access to that which has been learned is a critical phase in learning. 6. Generalization phase - Transfer of information to new situations allows application of the learned information in the context which it was learned. 7. Feedback phase Students must receive
feedback on their performance. This will serve as reinforce for successful performance.
Some general statements which describe learning based on the theories of learning may include the following.
Learning does not take place in an empty vessel. Each learner is assumed to have prior learning and maybe able to connect these to present learning.
Learning is a social process where interactions with other learners and teacher are needed.
Learning as a result of individual
experiences and self-activity. Learning is both observable and measurable. Learning takes place when all the senses are utilized. Learning will be enhanced when the learner is stimulated, directed, guided and feedback is immediately given. Each learner has his/her own learning styles.
Teaching and Learning Go Togethe
How does teaching and learning connect to each other? A teacher cannot claim she/he has taught if the learners have not learned substantially. The teaching styles of the teachers should jibe with the learners learning styles.
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