Control Valves: Concepts & Classification
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Tirado Melchor Angel MiguelControl Valves: Concepts & Classification
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Tirado Melchor Angel Miguel- Introduction: Provides an overview of the necessity and role of control valves in process plants, highlighting their importance in managing variable control loops.
- Control Valve Concept: Explains the concept of control valves as final control elements in a system, differentiating between linear and rotary types.
- Control Valve Classification: Classifies control valves into linear and rotary motions with various specific types within each category, illustrated with diagrams.
- Control Valve Symbols: Provides P&ID symbols for various control valve bodies and actuators following ISA standards, aiding in diagrammatic representations.
- Control Valve Assembly: Describes components of valve assembly including valve body, trim parts, and actuators necessary for operation.
- Actuator Operating Modes: Illustrates actuator operating modes with air-to-open/fail closed and air-to-close/fail open mechanisms using diagrams.
- Valve Positioner: Details the function of valve positioners in ensuring accurate stem positioning via pneumatic control inputs.
- Flow Characteristics: Discusses how valve capacity relates to stem travel, charting different flow characteristics for decision making.
- Selection Criteria: Outlines multiple criteria for selecting control valves including size, material, accessories and noise considerations.
- Applicable Codes and Standards: Lists industry standards and codes applicable to control valves in areas like pressure measurement and environmental conditions.
- Major Vendors: Identifies major vendors for valve assembly and actuators, serving as a guide for procurement and partnership decisions.
- Conclusion: Wraps up the content with reminders of other related aspects to explore, like sizing calculations and installation.
- Over an’ out!: Concludes with a lighthearted wrap-up and invite for questions, reinforcing engagement and understanding.
- Valve Sizing Coefficient Cv: Defines and explains the calculation of the valve sizing coefficient 'Cv' used in liquid flow calculations.
FLUOR - New Delhi
Control systems engineering
Control Valves
By KK Varma
Inclusions
Introduction What is a Control Valve (concept)
Flow Characteristics Valve sizing coefficient
Classification
Control Valve symbols Control Valve Assembly Valve Actuator Valve Positioner
Selection criteria
Interface with other depts... Applicable codes and standard Major vendors Lastly
Exclusions
Preparation of data sheets Sizing calculations
Introduction (why the need for valves)
Process plants consist of hundreds, or even thousands, of control loops all networked together to produce a product to be offered for sale.
Each of these control loop is designed to keep some important process variable such as pressure, flow, level, temperature etc. within a required operation range to ensure quality of end product. Each of these loops receives and internally creates disturbances that might detrimentally affect the process.
We gather the information from sensors in field, A controller will process this info. decide what must be done to get the process back on track.
Control valve concept OBJECTIVE: Control valve is the final control element in a system.
Control valve is a power-operated device used to manipulate the fluid (gas, steam, liquid) flow rate in a process system and keep the regulated process variable as close as possible to the desired set point. There are two basic types of control valves :
Linear Rotary
Each type of valve has its special generic features, which may, in a given situation, be either an advantage or a disadvantage
Control valve concept OBJECTIVE:
Linear Rotary
Control valve classification
Linear Motion
Globe Diaphragm Pinch or Clamp
Globe Angle 3-Way
Single Seated Double Seated Split body
Control Valve
Rotary Motion
Butterfly Eccentric Plug Ball
Swing Through Lined Eccentric Segmented Full V-Notch
Control valves symbols
P&ID symbols of various control valves per ISA S5.1
Control valves symbols ...
P&ID symbols of various valves actuator per ISA S5.1
Control valves assembly
Control valve assembly typically consists of - the valve body, the internal trim parts, an actuator to provide the motive power to operate the valve.
Valve Actuator
Positioner Valve stem
Valve Body
Actuator operating modes - Linear vlv.
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Actuator operating modes - Linear vlv.
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Actuator operating modes - Rotary vlv.
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Valve positioner
A valve positioner is a air relay which is used between the controller output and the valve diaphragm. It assures exact positioning of the valve stem in accordance with controller output
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Flow characteristics
The relationship between valve capacity and valve stem travel is known as the flow characteristics of the valve..
Inherent flow characteristics
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Selection criteria
Body size and flow capacity End connections
Shutoff leakage
Actuator sizing Valve assembly material Packing selection Valve accessories Special requirement Noise calculation Quality requirement
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Interface with other depts...
Process For sizing of valves
For process conditions
Piping For face to face dimensions For PDS envelop - (supports if required) For P&ID markup
Electrical For electrical actuator power supply (solenoid vlvs.)
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Applicable codes and standards
ASME B16.34 - valves - flanged, threaded and welding ends ASME B1.20.1 - Pipe threads ANSI FCI 70-2 - Control valve seat leakage
ISA 71.01 - Environmental conditions for process measurement & control systems: Temperature and Humidity
ISA 75.01 - Flow equation for sizing control valves ISA 75.03 - Face to face dimensions for flanges globe-style control valve bodies ISA 75.04 - Face to face dimensions for flangeless control valves
ISA 75.17 - Control valves aerodynamic noise prediction
NEMA ICS 6 - Enclosures for Industrial controls and systems IEC 529 - Specification for degree of protection provided by enclosure NFPA 70 - National electric code
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Major vendors
Valve Assembly
Actuators
Masoneilan Dresser Fisher Flowserve (Valtek) Tyco Instrumentation Limited
EIM Bettis Keystone Automax Rotork Limitork
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Lastly...
There are lot of other stuff on control valve that should be looked into...
Sizing
calculations (including vendor sizing softwares, INtools)
Datasheets
Valve Valve Valve Valve Hook
Generation
Packing Accessories Details Noise Installations up
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Over an out !
Questions?
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Selection criteria contd.
Body size and flow capacity Select valve type Calculate Cv required Select valve/ trim size
End connections End connection type End connection rating
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Valve sizing coefficient Cv (basics)
Valve sizing coefficient Cv is defined as the number of US gallons per minute of water that will pass through a given restriction with a pressure drop of one psi. Cv = Q (P1- P2)/G
This is basic equation for liquid calculations, in volumetric flow Where Q - flow rate in US gpm P1 - upstream pressure in psia P2 - downstream pressure in psia G - liquid specific gravity @ flowing temp.
Back
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Selection criteria contd.
Shutoff leakage Select seat leakage Class I, II, III, IV, V, VI
Actuator type and size Spring diaphragm, Piston, Cylinder, Double acting cylinder, Hand wheel, Electric. Check either inlet pressure or maximum shutoff pressure for actuator sizing
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Selection criteria contd.
Valve assembly material Select valve body material trim material (plug, seat, stem or shaft) guide bushing material seat construction as dictated by seat leakage
Packing material and bonnet type Packing - Standard, Teflon (asbestos/ V-rings), Graphoil, others Bonnet type - Standard (450OF or less), Extended (450OF or above/ even for cryogenic services)
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Selection criteria contd.
Select valve accessories Positioner, Airset, I/P convertor, Solenoid valve, volume booster, limit switches, travel stop Lo-Db plates or cartridges
Special requirements
Cavitation Flashing Two phase flow
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Selection criteria contd.
Valve noise Gas and steam noise Liquid noise (cavitation only) Noise treatment (insulation, pipe schedule, noise attenuation design within valve body, Lo-Db plate, cartridge)
Quality requirement Non destructive testing Special painting Special packing
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