11
Evaluation of Broadcast Media
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
Television Advantages
Creativity and Impact
High Impact Sight-Sound-Motion
Coverage and Cost Effectiveness
Mass Coverage High Reach
Captivity and Attention
Attention Getting Favorable Image
Selectivity and Flexibility
High Prestige Low Exposure Cost
This TV commercial gives viewers the sensation of driving a sports car
Television Disadvantages
Cost
Lack of Selectivity
Fleeting Message Clutter Limited Viewer Attention Distrust and Negative Evaluation
Use Television Advertising When...
The budget is large enough to produce high quality commercials. The media budget is sufficient to generate and sustain the number of exposures needed. The market is large enough and reachable efficiently through a specific network, station, or program. Theres a genuine need for a medium with high creative potential to exert a strong impact.
Broadcast Networks
$ High dollar Network commercial
Station Station Network
$$
Station
Station Station High dollar Entertainment, News, sports
Local commercial
$$ $
Cable Networks
Network
Cable System
Cable System
Cable System
Cable System
Cable Networks
$ $ $ $
$$ $ $
Network
Cable System
Cable System
Cable System
Cable System
Cable Networks
High dollar Network commercial
Network Local commercial
Cable System
Cable System
Cable System
Cable System
Buying TV Time
Network Versus Spot
Networks
Affiliated stations are linked Purchase transactions are simplified Commercials shown on local stations May be local or national spot commercials
Spot and local
Syndicated Programs
Sold and distributed station by station Advertiser-supported or bartered
Off-network syndication are reruns First-run syndications are also featured
Programs sold to stations in return for air time
Methods of Buying Time
Sponsorship
Advertiser assumes responsibility for the production and perhaps the content of the program Sponsor has control and can capitalize on the prestige associated with a show
Participations
Multiple advertisers buy spots on a program May participate regularly or sporadically Advertiser isnt responsible for production Participants lack control over content
Spot Announcements
May be purchased by daypart or adjacency
Three TV Buying Decisions
Network Versus Spot
National Versus Local Spot
Reach is the primary consideration but ease of purchase is important. Spots purchased by national advertisers are known as national spot.
Sponsor, Participate, or Spot Specific Daypart and Weeks
Scheduling depends on reach and frequency requirements.
Method of buying affects cost, commitment, and identification.
TV Dayparts
Morning
Daytime Early fringe Prime-time access Prime time Prime time Sun.
7:00 AM - 9:00 AM Mon. - Fri.
9:00 AM - 4:30 PM Mon. - Fri. 4:30 PM - 7:30 PM Mon. - Fri. 7:30 PM - 8:00 PM Sun. - Sat. 8:00 PM - 11:00 PM Mon. - Sat. 7:00 PM - 11:00 PM Sun.
Late news
Late fringe
11:00 PM - 11:30 PM Mon. - Fri.
11:30 PM - 1:00 AM Mon. - Fri.
Other TV Vehicles
Cable / CATV
Offers opportunity for narrowcasting, economy, and flexibility.
Superstations
They send their signals directly to CATV operators for rebroadcast.
Video Cassette Recorders
They permit delayed viewing but also allow ZIPPING of commercials.
Personal Video Recorders (PVRs)
Personal Video Recorders such as TIVO may change the way people watch television
Cable Television (CATV)
Characteristics of Cable
National, regional, and local available. Targets specific geographic areas.
Advantages of Cable
Highly selective narrowcasting. Reaches specialized markets. Low cost and flexibility.
Limitations of Cable
Overshadowed by major networks. Audience is fragmented. Lacks penetration in some markets.
Measuring TV Audiences
Audience Measures
Measured by rating services Size and composition indicated Number of HH that own a TV Percentage of TV HH tuned to a show
Television Households Program Rating
Households Using TV (HUT) Share of Audience
Percentage of homes in an area watching TV at a given time
Percentage of HUT tuned to a show
TV Audience Measures
Program Rating
Rating =
HH tuned to show Total Indian HH
Share of Audience
Share =
HH tuned to show Indian HH using TV
Advantages of Radio
Cost and Efficiency Selectivity
Flexibility
Mental Imagery
Integrated Marketing Opportunities
Limitations of Radio
Creative Limitations
Audience Fragmentation
Chaotic Buying Limited Research Data Limited Listener Attention Clutter
Dayparts for Radio
Morning Drive Time Daytime Aft./Eve. Drive Time Nighttime All Night
6:00 AM 10:00 AM 10:00 AM 3:00 PM 3:00 PM 7:00 PM 7:00 PM 12:00 AM 12:00 AM 6:00 AM
Buying Radio Time
Network Radio
Three national networks A multitude of syndicated programs About 20% of all spot announcements Allows great flexibility and targeting Purchase transaction can be difficult Nearly 80% of advertisers are local Local CATV is becoming competitive
(National) Spot Radio
Local Radio
Radio diary formats
Around the world, the most common type of radio listening diary runs for one week, and is filled in by one person. Usually there's one page opening for each day, with quarter-hour units down the page, and one column for each station. When there aren't very many radio stations in the area being surveyed - less than about 10 stations - the station name is usually printed at the head of each column. To indicate listening to a station during most of one quarter hour, the respondent just ticks box for one station (choosing the appropriate column) on one quarter-hour (choosing the appropriate row on the page).
When there are many radio stations in the area, a common method is to use a system that I understand was first developed in Canada. Each diary comes with a set of stickers, and each sticker has a station name on it. If it's a 7-day diary, there are 7 stickers for each station in the area. When the interviewer is explaining the diary to the respondent, she (the interviewer) asks him (the respondent) which radio stations he normally listens to, finds the stickers for those stations, and sticks them in the blank column headings for each day of the diary. The respondent is asked, if he listens to any other stations during the week, to stick the sticker for that station at the head of a spare column.
Radio Differs from TV
Radio Broadcasting . . .
Offers only an audio message. Is more limited communication. Costs much less to produce. Costs much less to purchase.
Has less status and prestige.
Radio and TV Similarities
Both Media . . .
Are time oriented media Are sold in time segments Have some network affiliates Have some independents Use the public airway Are regulated by the F.C.C. Are externally paced media Are passive, low-involvement
