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APUDOMAS: Overview of Endocrine Tumors

This document discusses apudomas, which are tumors of neuroendocrine cells called APUD cells. APUD cells have properties like containing amines and enzymes that convert amino acids to amines. They include chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla, paraganglia cells, intestinal cells, and neuroendocrine cells in various organs. Apudomas can cause different syndromes depending on the hormone overproduced, such as glucagonoma syndrome or Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Certain cancers are also associated with apudoma syndromes through hormone overexpression like ectopic ACTH syndrome.

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969 views13 pages

APUDOMAS: Overview of Endocrine Tumors

This document discusses apudomas, which are tumors of neuroendocrine cells called APUD cells. APUD cells have properties like containing amines and enzymes that convert amino acids to amines. They include chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla, paraganglia cells, intestinal cells, and neuroendocrine cells in various organs. Apudomas can cause different syndromes depending on the hormone overproduced, such as glucagonoma syndrome or Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Certain cancers are also associated with apudoma syndromes through hormone overexpression like ectopic ACTH syndrome.

Uploaded by

ibnbasheer
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT or read online on Scribd

APUDOMAS (Diffuse Endocrine

System)

J. O. Ogunbiyi
Department of Pathology
University College
Hospital
Ibadan, Nigeria
Introduction

These are tumours of


APUD cells. Some
secrete the normal
hormone of their
presumptive cell of
origin and are called
orthoendocrine.
 The APUD cells derive their
name from the initial letters
associated with their three
most important properties:
 A high content of amines
 The capacity for amine
precursor uptake
 The presence of amino acid
decarboxylase, which converts
amino acids into amines.
 Cells with these properties
have been grouped together as
the APUD system.
 They contain characteristic
granules on electron
microscopy
 and secrete polypeptides, or
amines, or both
The cells included here are:
 The chromaffin cell system- These are
found in the adrenal medulla and in
association with the paravertebral
plexuses.
 The non-chromaffin cells of the
paraganglia (Carotid body, glomus
jugulare).
 The argentaffin (Kultschitzky) cells.
( found in the intestine). Similar cells occur
in the salivary glands, pancreas, and
bronchial mucosa.
. The argyrophil cells. These are widely
distributed in the intestine.
Other neuroectodermal
cells are present in the
stomach and small intestine
These are responsible for
secretion of VIP,
cholecystokinin, gastrin,
5HT, etc
They include

 Pancreatic islet cells,


Thyroid C cells,
Parathyroid cells,
Melanocytes,
Hypothalamic
neuroendocrine cells,
Some cells of the anterior
pituitary, and
The autonomic neurons
The following syndromes
are accompanied by
apudomata
 Hypoglycaemia (pancreatic
ß-islet cell hypersecretion)
 The glucagonoma syndrome
 The Zollinger-Ellison
syndrome (in which there is
hyperplasia of the G cells of
the pyloric antrum or of the B-
cells of the pancreas).
 The Verner-Morrison
syndrome (pancreatic cholera)
 WDHA (watery diarrhea,
hypokaleamia, and
achlorhydria) syndrome.

 Non-ß islet cell tumour, SCLC,


MCT, malignant carcinoid,
mast cell tumours, and
neuroblastoma. In all of these,
there is XS VIP secretion
 Cushing’s syndrome / (ectopic
ACTH syndrome) consisting
hypokaleamia alkalosis,
diabetes mellitus,
hyperpigmented skin, muscle
wasting with weakness.
 May be found with SCLC,
bronchial carcinoid, carcinoid
of thymus, pancreatic islet cell
tumour, MTC, pheo, ovarian
carcinoma
The carcinoid syndrome.
Those of the foregut tend to
be secretory and active
unlike the hindgut ones that
tend to be inactive
The somatostatin
syndrome.

D-cell tumours of the


pancreas.

The MEN syndromes

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