NUTRITION

What is malnutrition?

Malnutrition results from an unbalanced diet, in which certain nutrients are deficient, in excess, or in the wrong proportion

Occurs in children aged between 9 and 12

Marasmus: drastic loss of body weight due to severe protein deficiency and a lack of energy providing nutrients Become very thin and wrinkled skin

Usually occurs in pregnant women Occurs as a result of an insufficent intake of calcium This causes the bones to become brittle, porous and crack easily

Obesity

Stroke

Atherosclerosis

Digestion

The chemical breakdown of complex biological molecules into their component parts.
Lipids

to fatty acids Proteins to individual amino acids Carbohydrates into simple sugars

Digestion

Mechanical Changes the physical form of food Chew Tear Grind Mash Mix

Digestion

Chemical
Changes

the chemical composition of food with the aid of digestive enzymes

Digestive

enzymes are special proteins that help break up large molecules of food into very tiny molecules that can be absorbed and used by the cells in the form of nutrition.

Phases of Digestion
Ingestion Movement Digestion Absorption Further digestion

The Digestive Tract

The Digestive Tract

Parts of the Digestive Tract

Small

Intestine Large Intestine

Accessory Parts

Organs that are not in the digestive tract but helps in the digestion
Teeth Tongue Salivary Liver Gall

glands

bladder Pancreas

Mouth

Functions: Food enters in the mouth or oral cavity Tasting Mechanical breakdown of food Secretion of salivary glands (salivary amylase)

Anatomy of the Mouth and Throat

Mechanism of Swallowing

Swallowing is a coordinated activity of the tongue, soft palate, pharynx and esophagus. Phases Food is pushed into the pharynx by the tongue. (voluntary) Tongue blocks the mouth Soft palate closes off the nose Larynx (Adams Apple) rises so the Epiglottis (a flap of tissue) can close the opening of the trachea.

Mechanism of Swallowing

Swallowing is a coordinated activity of the tongue, soft palate, pharynx and esophagus. Phases Food is pushed into the pharynx by the tongue. (voluntary) Tongue blocks the mouth Soft palate closes off the nose Larynx (Adams Apple) rises so the Epiglottis (a flap of tissue) can close the opening of the trachea.

Esophagus

A straight muscular tube that is about 10 inches (25 cm) long which connects the mouth with the stomach Food takes about 4 to 8 seconds as it passes through to the stomach. Its walls contain smooth muscles that contracts in wavy motion (Peristalsis). Peristalsis propels food and liquid slowly down the esophagus into the stomach. Cardiac Sphincter (ring-like valve) relaxes to allow food into the stomach.

Peristalsis

Stomach

J-shaped muscular sac Has inner folds (rugae) that increases the surface area of the stomach. Churns and grinds together the bolus into smaller pieces. Food is mixed with gastric juices (hydrochloric acid and enzymes) secreted by the stomach walls. HCL helps break down food and kills bacteria that came along with the food.

Movements in Stomach

Small Intestine

Long (20 ft), coiled tube beneath the stomach. Has three parts:
Duodenum

upper part; about 10 in; connected to the

stomach.

where the digestive juices from the pancreas and the liver combine with chyme making it thin and watery. Jejunum about 8 ft Ileum about 12 ft

Small Intestine

Site of greatest amount of digestion and absorption

Small Intestine

Takes about 4 8 hrs to complete its journey. Mucosa (inner wall) secretes several enzymes that acts on the food. Where the pancreatic enzymes are emptied into. Digested nutrients are absorbed through intestinal walls. Absorbed materials cross the mucosa into the blood then other parts of the body for storage or further chemical change.

Small Intestine

Has folded inner walls covered with fingerlike projections (villi; sing. villus) Each villus has tinier projections called microvilli that absorbs digested food. Villi and microvilli increases the surface area of the small intestine for greater absorption. Peristalsis moves the undigested food to the large intestine.

Movement in small intestine:

Mixing: Segmental contraction that occurs in small intestine Secretion: Lubricate, liquefy, digest Digestion: Mechanical and chemical Absorption: Movement from tract into circulation or lymph Elimination: Waste products removed from body

Large Intestine
Colon larger diameter, but shorter (5 ft) Water is absorbed from the undigested food making the waste harder until it becomes solid. Waste stays for 10 12 hours.

Large Intestine

Large Intestine
Waste is pushed into the expanded portion (rectum) of the large intestine. Solid waste stays in the rectum until it is excreted through the anus as feces. Appendix hangs on the right side of the large intestine.

Accessory Organs

Produce or store enzymes that helps in digestion. Liver

gland of the body Stores vitamins A,D,E,K Stores sugar and glycogen Produces bile (watery, greenish substance) Secretes bile to the gall bladder via the hepatic duct and cystic duct.

Accessory Organs

Gall bladder

Stores bile in between meals Secretes bile to the duodenum through the bile duct during mealtime. Bile contains bile salts, pigments, cholesterol and phospholipids. Bile is an emulsifier NOT an enzyme. Emulsifier dissolves fat into the watery contents of the intestine.

Accessory Organs

Pancreas Produces a juice that contains enzymes (amylase and insulin) to break down carbohydrates, fats and protein. Secretes the juice into the duodenum through the pancreatic duct.

Path of Digestion
Mouth Pharynx Esophagus Stomach Small Intestine Large Intestine Anus

THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM

Two Types of Wastes

Solid Waste from the Digestive System in the form of feces. Metabolic Wastes produced by chemical reactions like respiration, hydrolysis, synthesis and neutralization.
Water Carbon Salts

Dioxide

Urea

Removal of Wastes

Egestion

removal of digestive waste. removal of metabolic waste.

Excretion

Organs of Excretion

Skin Allows water, salt and urea to diffuse from the blood (capillaries) into the sweat glands. Releases sweat from the sweat glands through the sweat ducts out to the skin pores.

Organs of Excretion

Lungs Excretes the waste product of respiration during exhalation. Carbon Dioxide and Water Vapor.

Organs of Excretion

Liver Part of the digestive, circulatory and excretory systems. Removes excess amino acids from the body. Breaks down the amino acids through deamination to form the urea which is excreted in the urine.

Organs of Excretion

Kidneys
Major

excretory organs of the body which removes most of the body wastes. Purify blood by filtering out water, salts, digested food particles and urea in the form of urine. Urine passes out through the urinary tract.

Urinary System

Excretion of Urine

Kidney Ureter a tube that transports urine to the urinary bladder. Urinary Bladder a sac of tissue that has the ability to expand as it fills with urine. Urethra a tube at the bottom of the bladder where urine passes out of the body.