Structure

A Structure is a Group of data items of different data types held together in a single unit.

Declaring a Structure
struct sname { type var1; type var2; type var3; . . type varN; };
struct is a keyword to define a structure. sname is the name given to the structure data type. type is a built-in data type. var1,var2,var3,..,varN are elements of structure being defined.

Structure template

sname is called tag makes it possible to declare other variable of the same structure type without having to rewrite the template itself. Its a type name.tag is optional.

Eg to store information of an employee, our structure declaration may look like as shown overleaf

struct employee_type { int code; char name[20]; int dept_code; float salary; }; No variable has been associated with this structure No memory is set aside for this structure.

Declaring Variables of the Structure Type

Declares a variable employee of type employee_type struct employee_type employee;
At this point, the memory is set aside for the structure variable employee.

We can also declare variable(s) of structure type along

with the structure declaration. struct employee_type { int code; char name[20]; int dept_code; float salary; }employee

Consider the declarations to understand how the elements of the structure variables are stored in memory

struct example_type { char var1; int var2; float var3; double var4; }; struct example_type sample1;
Note: all members are stored in contiguous memory location in order in which they are declared.

How the elements of the structure variables are stored in memory

1197 1198

var 1

1199 1200 1201

var 2

1202 1203 1204 1205 1206 1207 1208

var 3

var 4

1209 1210 1211

Intializing Structures
struct student_type { int rollno; char name[25]; int age; float height; };
struct student_type student=,1000,Surbhi salaria,18,5.6-;

Accessing Structure Elements

Elements are accessed using dot operator. It provides a powerful and clear way to refer to an individual element. Syntax: sname.vname sname is structure variable name. vname is name of the element of the structure. Eg: the element of the structure variable student can be accessed as
student.rollno,student.name,student.age,student.height

WAP to display size of structure elements.Use sizeof() of operator.

main() Output Book : 30 { Pages:2 struct book1 Price:4 { Total Bytes:36 char book[30]; int pages; float price; }; struct book1 bk1; clrscr(); printf(\nSize of Structure elements\n); printf(\nBook: %d,sizeof(bk1.book)); printf(\nPages: %d,sizeof(bk1.pages)); printf(\nBook:%d,sizeof(bk1.price)); printf(\nBook:%d,sizeof(bk1)); }

Entering Data into Structures

struct employee_type { int code; char name[25]; char dept[15]; float salary; }; main() { struct employee_type employee; printf(\nEnter employee code:\n); scanf(%d,&code); printf(\nEnter name:\n); gets(employee.name); printf(\nEnter employees dept:\n); gets(employee.dept); printf(\nEnter employees salary:\n); scanf(%f,&employee.salary);
continue

continue printf(\n\nParticulars of emp as entered by user\n); printf(\nEmployees code:%d,employee.code); printf(\nEmployees name:%s, employee.name); printf(\nEmployees dept:%s,employee.dept); Printf(\nEmployees sal:%f,employee.salary);

Use of Assignment Statement for Structures

Value of one structure variable can be assigned to another variable of the same type using simple assignment statement.if student1 and student2 are structure variable of type student_type,then student2=student1; Assigns value of structure variable student1 to student2 Simple assignment cannot be used this way for arrays.

WAP to copy structure elements from one object to another object

void main() continue { struct disk printf(\n %s %g %d,d1.co,d1.type,d1.price); { printf(\n %s %g %d,d2.co,d2.type,d2.price); printf(\n %s % %d,d3.co,d3.type,d3.price); char co[15]; } float type; int price; }; struct disk d1=,SONY,1.44,20-; struct disk d2,d3; strcpy(d2.co,d1.co); individual elements of d1 object are copied using d2.type=d1.type; assignment statement d2.price=d1.price; d3=d2; // all the contents are copied to d3 clrscr(); continue

Pointers and Structures

struct student_type student,*ptr
It declares a structures variable student and a pointer variable ptr to structure of type student_type. ptr can be initialized with the following assignment statement ptr=&student; HOW WE CAN ACCESS THE ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURE?

*ptr.rollno,*ptr.name,*ptr.age,*ptr.height
But this approach will not work because dot has higher priority Correctly way to write is:

(*ptr).rollno,(*ptr).name,(*ptr).age,(*ptr).height
or

ptr->rollno,ptr->name,ptr->age,ptr->height

Structure within Structure

We can take object of one structure as member in another structure. Structure within structure can be used to create complex data applications. Syntax: struct time { int second; int time; int hour; } struct t { int carno; struct time st; struct time et; }; struct t player;

main() { struct time { int second; int minute; int hour;

} struct t {
int carno; struct time st; struct time rt; }; struct t r1; clrscr(); scanf(%d,&r1.carno); scanf(%d %d %d,&r1.st.hour,&r1.st.minute,&r1.st.second); scanf(%d %d %d,&r1.rt.hour,&r1.rt.minute,&r1.rt.second); printf(\n \tCArno \n\tStarting time \n\t Reaching time\n); printf(\t%d\t,r1.carno); printf(\t%d:%d:%d\t\t,r1.st.hour,ri.st.minute,r1.st.second); printf(\t%d:%d:%d\t\t,r1.rt.hour,ri.rt.minute,r1.rt.second);

Array of Structures

If we wish to process a list of values of structure type,then we need an array of such structures.

Declaring an Array of Structures

struct employee_type { int code; char name[25]; char dept[15]; float salary; }; struct employee_type employee[50];

Accessing elements an array of structures

Individual elements of a structure in an array of structure are accessed by referring to structure variable name. 1. Followed by subscript. 2. Followed by dot operator. 3. Ending with structure element desired. Suppose we want to access salary of 7th employee,we can do so by writing

employee[6].salary

WAP to create an array of structure objects

printf(\n Car no Starting time Reaching time); main() for(k=0;k<3;k++) { { int k; scanf(%d,&r[k].carno); struct time scanf(%d %d %d, &r1[k].st.hour,&r1[k].st.minute,&r1[k].st.second); scanf(%d %d %d, &r1[k].rt.hour,&r1[k].rt.minute,&r1[k].rt.second); { } int second; for(k=0;k<3;k++) int minute; { int hour; printf(%d,r1*k+.carno); }; printf(%d %d %d,r1[k].st.hour,r1[k].st.minute,r1[k].st.second); printf(%d %d %d,r1[k].rt.hour,r1[k].rt.minute,r1[k].rt.second); struct tt } { } int carno; struct time st; struct time rt; }; struct tt r1[3]; clrscr();

Structure and Function

The relationship of structure with the function can be viewed from three angles:1. 2. 3. Passing Structures to a function. Function Returning Structure. Passing array of Structures to Function.

Note:
When a structure element is to be passed to any other function,it is essential to declare the structure outside the main() functioni.e global

Passing Structure to a Function

Similar to passing array of variable,structure can be passed to a function as argument Syntax:
type-specifier func-name(struct-variable);
argument*/ /*actual

Read and display student grade by using structure with function

display(m) struct student struct student m; { { int rn; printf(\nRollno is %d,m.rn); printf(\n Name is %s,m.name); char name[20]; printf(\n Grade is: %c,m.grade); char grade; grade; }s; } main() { printf(\nEnter rollno,name and grade of student:\n); scanf(%d %s %c,&s.rn,s.name,&s.grade); display(s); getche(); }

Passing of structure variables by value to a function

struct date { int day; int month; int year; }; void print_date(struct date); void main() { struct date d={10,12,1997}; print_date(d); } void print_date(struct date a) { printf(\nDate in format %d %d %d,a.day,a.month,a.year);

Passing to the function by address

struct book { char name[35]; char author[35]; int pages; }b1; void main() { ----------------show(&b1); }

show(struct book *b2) { -----------------------------------}

Prog to pass address of structure variable to user defined function and display the contents
struct book { char name[35]; char author[35]; char author[35]; int pages; } void main() { struct book b1=,JAVA COMPETE REFERENCE,P.NAUGHTON,886-; show(&b1); } show(struct book *b2) pointer to structure { clrscr(); printf(%s %s %d,b2->name,b2->author,b2->pages); }

Passing of structure variables by reference to a function

struct date { int day; int month; int year; }; main() { struct date d; void get_date(struct date *); printf(Enter date in the format:\n); get_date(&d); printf(\nDate entered by you %d %d %d,d.day,d.month,d.year); } void get_date(struct date *a) { scanf(%d %d %d,&a->day,&a->month,a->year);

Wap to pass structure elements to function print() and print the elements
void main() Note: { We have passed base address of name struct boy But values of age and wt. Here values are passed using call by reference and call by { value char name[25]; int age; int wt; }; struct boy b1=,Amit,20,25-; print(b1.name,b1.age,b1.wt); } print(char *s,int t, int n) { printf(\n%s %d %d,s,t,n); return 0; }

Function Returning Structure

struct date { struct date get_date(void) int day; { struct date a; int month; scanf(%d %d %d,&a.day,&a.month,&a.year); int year; return a; }; } main() { struct date d; struct date get_date(void); printf(\nEnter date in format day/month/year); d=get_date(); printf(\nDAte entered by you is %d %d %d\n,d.day,d.month,d.year); }

Union
Union: Union is similar as structure. The major distinction between them in terms of storage. In structure each member has its own storage location whereas all the members of union uses the same location. The union may contain many members of different data type it can handle only one member at a time union can be declared using the keyword union. Hold only one object at a time Union requires bytes that are equal to the number of bytes required for the largest members. Eg: union contains char,int &long then the number of bytes reserved in the member for the union is 4 bytes.

Union item

{ int m; float x; char c; } code; This declare a variable code of type union item.

output
main() Output: Size of union: 2 { Size of structure: 19 union result { int marks; char grade; }; struct res { char name[15]; int age; union result perf; }data; printf(Size of union:%d,sizeof(data.perf)); printf(Size of structure:%d,sizeof(data)); }