~

ECCS
CECM
E KS

EUROPEAN CONVENTION FOR CONSTRUCTIONAL STEELWORK

CONVENTION EUROPEENNE DE LA CONSTRUCTION METALLIQUE
EUROPAISCHE
KONVENTION
FUR
STAHLBAU

ECCS - Advisory Committee 5

Application of Eurocode 3

Examples to Eurocode 3

FIRST EDITION

1993

NO71

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form
or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the
Copyright owner :
ECCS
CECM
EKS

General Secretariat
Avenue des Ombrages, 32/36 bte 20
8-1200 BRUSSEL (Belgium)
Tel. 3Z2-762 04 29
Fax 3Z2-762 09 35

ECCS assumes no liability with respect to the use for any application of the material and information contained in this
publication.

Introduction

The European Convention for Structural Steelwork (ECCS) has as one of its primary objectives the
promotion of the safe and economical use of steel in structures. ECCS believes that the introduction of
the harmonized Eurocodes has a great value in achieving this objective; accordingly ECCS has set up an
Advisory Committee, AC 5, charged with the task of promoting the introduction and adoption of the
Eurocodes.
The AC 5 Committee have considered how this process could be best achieved and concluded that a
three stage approach was desirable. The first stage was to produce a concise version of the Eurocodes
which can be used for normal every day design; this part has already been issued as ECCS Publication
No. 65.
The second stage is the production of this document which gives design examples to EC 3/1 and E-EC
3 and has been prepared as a design aid to facilitate the use of EC 3/1 for the design of steel buildings
during the ENV period. These examples concentrate on those aspects which are likely to be needed for
daily practical design work.
The third and final stage will be the production of a series of "Design Aids" which will enable the design
process to be made more quickly by using tabulated or graphical values for the various design formula
contained in EC 3/1.
The combination of these three documents will enable practising engineers to more easily adopt to the
use of the new Eurocodes and should have a beneficial help in their speedy introduction.

Scope

These Design Examples to EC 3/1 and E-EC 3 have been prepared by the ECCS Advisory Committee
AC 5 as a design aid in supplement to the complete EC 3/1 to facilitate the use of EC 3/1 for the design
of steel buildings in the ENV-period.
The Design Examples only contains examples to EC 3/1 and E-EC3 that are likely to be needed for daily
practical design work.
The y values used in this document are the values recornmended in EC 3 main document. These values
may deviate from the values recommended in the National Application Documents (NAD) of the member
states.
The ECCS - Advisory Committee 5 is at present composed of the following members:
Aasen, B.
Arda, T.S.
Bock, H.
Danieli, S.
Dowling, P.J.
Falke, J.
Gemperle, C.
Gettins, H.J. (Chairman)
Lequien, Ph.
Lutteroth, A.
Schleich, J.B.
Sedlacek, G.
Lundin, K.

Noway
Turkey
United Kingdom
Italy
United Kingdom
Germany
Switzerland
United Kingdom
France
Germany
Luxembourg
Germany
Sweden

The Committee gratefully obtained contributions from:

Braham, M.
Gerardy, J.C.
Grotmann, D.
Taylor, J.C.

Luxembourg
Luxembourg
Germany
United Kingdom

Also particular thanks are given to the ECCS Technical Committees TC 8 and TC 10 who have contributed
to the work.

References
(1)

(2)

(3)
(4)

EC 3/1: ENV 1993-1-1 Eurocode 3: Part 1.1

E-EC 3: Essentials of Eurocode 3 - Design Manual for Steel Structures in Buildings, ECCSPublication No. 65
References to EC 3/1 are given in brackets [...I
References to E-EC 3 are given without brackets

Contents
Introduction
Scope

Part 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.1
Load combination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Example

I;:I

Example 1.1.2

Purlin treated as a continuous beam

Braced portal frame

n
- a

1,
Example 1.1.3

Example 1.1.4

Single storey frame

Crane girder

I/

Example 1.1.5

~~~~~

Page

Single storey frame including a crane

girder

2093

1.2

Methods of analysis

11

........ ......

Example 1.2.1

............................

. . . . 14

Example 1.2.2

Page

Continuous beam (elastic - plastic)

with limited redistribution

Continuous beam (plastic - plastic)

15

J, I I I

I 1

LT

I I I I I I I I 1 1 1 I

I I I I ~~~=17,9kN/m

Example 1.2.3

Page

Example 1.2.4

Continuous beam (elastic - elastic)

Continuous beam (elastic - plastic)

without limited redistribution
17

J,:

I I I

I l l I I 1 I I l l I 1 I I I

I Lpd=ll.9kWm

18

1.3

Frameanalysis

........................................................

Example 1.3.1

Page

Example 1.3.2

19

Page

Determination of frame imperfections

Calculation of a sway frame

20

1.4

Bracing system analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Example 1.4.1

Example 1.4.2

A frame is braced by a bracing

A frame is braced by a frame

. .

26
frame.1

frame.2

Example 1.4.3

Example 1.4.4

A frame is braced by a bracing

system

Bracing system imperfections for a

wind bracing

28

Page

29

25

Part2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Members in compression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.31

2.1

Example 2.1.1

Example 2.1.2

page

Circular hollow section as a column

HEB Drofile as column

I" /.ir

page

32

Example 2.1.3

page

Example 2.1.4

Angle as a strut of a lattice girder

Cold formed RHS as a strut of a

lattice girder
I

strut being designed

34

Detail

r6
2.2

Example 2.1.5

Page

Cold formed RHS

(class 4 cross-section)

Members in bending

........

Example 2.2.1

.....
Page

..................................
Example 2.2.2

Single span beam

38

Example 2.2.3

page

Example 2.2.4

Class 4 cross-section loaded in

bending

Single span beam with shear buckling

verification
\L

42
1IOP.l"

1700

L.

7700

37

Combined loading Bending and compression

2.3

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

Example 2.3.1

Example 2.3.2

RHS column loaded in bending and

P P
.L .i. axial compression

HEA profile loaded in bending and

axial compression

..

Page

50

48
I

Example 2.3.3

Page

Column of a frame

Example 2.3.4

Page

Rafter of a frame

56

Local stresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . -61

2.4
~~

~~

Example 2.4.1

Page

Design of transverse stiffeners

J
noo

,I

I1

25

4'

900

1200

II

1 m

Example 2.4.2

page

Design of interrnediate transverse

stiffeners
62

rd lOU.10

64

Example 2.4.3

Page

Axially loaded column supported by a

beam

i'

Example 2.4.4

Page

Load introduction of wheel loads from

cranes
67

65
310111

lOOXI0

Example 2.4.5
~~

~~

Page

~~

Beam supported by a beam

(class 4 cross-section)

69

Part 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
3.1

Bolted connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Example 3.1.1

Example 3.1.2

Page

73

& & I . &

J J L . b J
T T T T m : T T T T T

r
J

+ '.

' P T T T T

as

Page

Erection splice at mid span of a lattice

girder

Bolted connection of a tension

member to a gusset plate

a5

72

1:

! , +

.+ +
J

+$

.!

T I P T -

4~'3&Ox16
260x12

75

-;
'

3LOx16

Example 3.1.3

Page

Example 3.1.4

Page

Fin plate connection to H section

column

Angle connected to a gusset plate

77

Example 3.1.5

Page

Fin plate connection to RHS column

81

Example 3.1.7

Example 3.1.8

Beam to beam connection with cleats

Splice of an unsymmetrical I-section

88

Example 3.1.9

page

Bolted end plate connection

t"
.

91

IPE 220
Fe360

fa

Welded connections

3.2

.....................................................

Example 3.2.1

Page

Example 3.2.2

96

Page

Bracket welded on a column

Double angle welded to a gusset plate

2 L 50x5

98

97

F e 360

Example 3.2.3

Page

Example 3.2.4

Page

Welded beam to column connection

with stiffeners

Welded beam to column connection

without stiffeners

100

Example 3.2.5

103

Page

Hollow section lattice girder joint

i"'"

e,

3.3

.........................
i'-.
- **.=

-(&

pq

105

Pinconnections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . 107

Example 3.3.1

page

Pin connection
l"d

108

AnnexA

..................................................................

Tabled reduction factors for buckling curves a, a, b, c, d

109

Part 1

Load combination
Methods of analysis
Frame analysis
Bracing system analysis

1.1

Load combination

These examples demonstrate how the design values of action effects (NSd,,V,, ,M
,
etc) are
determined from the load assumptions. The further steps of design are not treated in this part.
An action is a force (load) applied to the structure or an imposed deformation (e.g. temperature
effects or settlements). Characteristic (unfactored) values of these actions are specified in ENV
1991 Eurocode 1 or other relevant loadings codes. These values of actions shall be multiplied by
relevant safety factors and combination factors, see chapter "Combinations of actions" in ENV
1993 Eurocode 3 or Table 2.1 in the Essentials of Eurocode 3 to determine the design values of
the effects of actions. The following examples show the method of determination of the maximum
effects of actions. Not all possible combinations of actions are presented nor are relevant
combinations worked out. In practice, one will collect experience to easily find out which load
combination is decisive for verification of the structures.
The following examples are included in this chapter:
Example 1.1.1:
Example 1.1.2:
Example 1.1.3:
Example 1.1.4:
Example 1.1.5:

Braced portal frame

Purlin treated as continuous beam
Single storey frame without crane girder
Crane girder
Single storey frame with a crane girder

!I

Ual

e
c

c
.c

c
L

a
cn

c
6

s
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F

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+
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s
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al
al

5
c

=
c

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n
E

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cn

I1

e0

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c

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0
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0
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0

$
-E

a,

n!

c:
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1.2

Methods of analysis

These examples demonstrate on continuous beams how the design values of action effects are
determined using either plastic global analysis or elastic global analysis and plastic or elastic
stress distribution. All of the methods of analysis presented may also be applied on frames.
The further steps of design are not treated in this part.
Note:

For plastic global analysis special requirements specified in 152.7, 5.3.3 and 3.2.2.21 shall
be satisfied.

The following examples are included in this chapter:

Example
Example
Example
Example

1.2.1:
1.2.2:
1.2.3:
1.2.4:

Continuous beam (plastic plastic)

Continuous beam (elastic - plastic) with limited redistribution
Continuous beam (elastic - elastic) without redistribution
Continuous beam (elastic elastic)

14

-. -.
+--I-+

Ea xa

{3
VI

N
Lu

1
m

VI

U
C

._

"!

e3

P
O-

TE

U)
U)

.:
5

+-

.-

m
p?

ln

E
n

E
E

II

2
0

cu

0
II

z
0
0

cu
w

a,

0.

fj
a,

A=

I1

II

<

1.3

Frame analysis
The first example demonstrates the application of the criterion "sway - non sway" and how the
second order effects in the sway mode are included using first order analysis with amplified sway
moments. The second example demonstrate how frame imperfections are determined.
The further steps of design are not treated in this part.
The following examples are included in this chapter:
Example 1.3.1:
Example 1.3.2:

Calculation of a sway frame

Determination of frame imperfections

19

H
H
a

9.
Q

U)

..

.-

U)

-mc

5.

U)

-E:
E

U)

(U
0

E
ci

N
(U

CV
C

C"
C
.-

t-

P
U

.-

2
m

2
e

5
II

II II

II

+
n
+

f
C

m
m

5
9

c?

v)
.-

mC
f

a
-r

f
3
?
f
.-

v)

v)

v)

-.--e
0

0)

51

>
W

m
a
I
S
-

m
b

-m
e

.-X
m
m

I
.c
-

N
P

'
c

.-c

1.4

Bracing system analysis

The first three examples demonstrate the application of the criterion "braced - unbraced". The
fourth example demonstrates how bracing imperfections are determined.
The further steps of design are not treated in this part.
The following examples are included in this chapter:
Example 1.4.1 :
Example 1.4.2:
Example 1.4.3:
Example 1.4.4:

A frame is braced by a bracing system

A frame is braced by a frame
A frame is braced by a bracing system
Bracing system imperfections for a wind bracing

25

al

n
>

aa

z
E

8
8

9
0

I1

1'

..
r
U

!
r

'c5
0.

0
P

8
Q
E

s
E

(U
(U

0-

.. (

..

8
11

i5
c

.e

+
c
.c

cv

U)

aeo
I1

-10

II

I1

v)

-d

cy

$.

m-

I?

"0

-7

cu

cu
X

\
I1

!i

c
Q

5
0

Fi

I5

ut

Part 2
Members in compression
Members in bending
Combined loading - Bending and compression
Local stresses

30

2.1

Members in compression
These examples demonstratethe verification of members in compression assuming design values
of action effects N
(),
which have been calculated by an analysis of the structure and these values
, etc.
already include ~ r yF
The results presented in the examples are rounded values. For the purpose of easy re-calculation
each formula and each check is calculated with the rounded values.
The following examples are included in this chapter:
Example 2.1.1:
Example 2.1.2:
Example 2.1.3:
Example 2.1.4:
Example 2.1.5:

Circular hollow section as a column

HEB profile as column
Cold formed RHS as a strut of a lattice girder
Angle as a strut of a lattice girder
Cold formed RHS (class 4 cross-section)

31

kr
.-

U)

C
G
c

Q)

5
e
.-

U)

Pm

U)

I
0

8
II

m
d

cici

E
0
L".

m
I1
0

a
x
.U
al

cz

>
L

Q
c

.-c

EE

zi
m
c

U)

a
0

0
.c
m
c
.-

a
a
r
a
L

5
8
N

Q)

.-cO

-a
G

'4

0)

0
0

i
U

m
II

II

II

v1

Ea

z
E
n
'*

m
0

ul

N
I1

E
11

In
0

i?
A

+
ul
m
0
II

+
v)

m0
II

L n

:
a
C

.c

ln
m

E
0
0
01

m
II

zJI
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0)

.-0VI
VI

Ins

II

I.+

3
ei

r/

0052

I I I I

- -

n" 2

2.2

Members in bending
Examples 1, 2 and 3 demonstrate the verification of members in bending assuming design values
of action effects V
,(,
M
,, etc) which are calculated by an analysis of the sub-structure.
Example 4 demonstratesthe veriiication of members in bending assuming design values of action
effects V
,(,
M, etc) which have been calculated by an analysis of the structure and these values
already include 9 , yF etc.
The results presented in the examples are rounded values. For the purpose of easy re-calculation
each formula and each check is calculated with the rounded values.
The following examples are included in this chapter:

Example 2.2.1:
Example 2.2.2:
Example 2.2.3:
Example 2.2.4:

Single span beam

Single span beam with lateral torsional buckling
Single span beam with shear buckling verification
Class 4 cross-section loaded in bending

37

0
8
gr=

sll

II

II

0II

%
w

0
..L

>

Q
c
C

8
C

ia

E
o?
0
m
I1

IB

m
C

7
a

a
c

.c

e
.-0

0
C

e
E

U?

0
I1

0
11

II

0-

In

m
m
I1

ii
3
0
C

m
0

-m

a
0

cull

In

E
L-

al

"15
U

's

2.3

Combined loading Bending and compression

These examples demonstrate the verification of members loaded by the combination of bending
and compression assuming design values of action effects N
(,, , ,V ,M
,
etc) which have been
calculated by an analysis of the structure and these values already include ~ r yF
, etc. The second
order effects are considered by using first order elastic analysis with sway-mode buckling lengths.
The results presented in the examples are rounded values. For the purpose of easy re-calculation
each formula and each check is calculated with the rounded values.
The following examples are included in this chapter:
Example 2.3.1:
Example 2.3.2:
Example 2.3.3:
Example 2.3.4:

RHS column loaded in bending and axial compression

HEA profile loaded in bending and axial compression
Column of a frame
Rafter of a frame

47

-c
U

0&=
0
0

0
0
U

&

*
I

OOOL

00%

00%

+-

m
C

?
5

("
0

v 2

'9

/P

IF

c3

'9
I1

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(U

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'4
0

E
0

II

x'

ln

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0-

?
c

-Y
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2
zf

c
B
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.-Um
C

C
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8

Q)

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2!Q)

rc
Q)

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d
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cn

a
2

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eQ

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f%

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2.4

Local stresses
These examples demonstrate the verification of load introduction problems assuming design
values of action effects N
(,, , V
,
M, etc) which have been calculated by an analysis of the
structure and these values already include ~ r yF
, etc.
The results presented in the examples are rounded values. For the purpose of easy re-calculation
each formula and each check is calculated with the rounded values.
The following examples are included in this chapter:
Example 2.4.1:
Example 2.4.2:
Example 2.4.3:
Example 2.4.4:
Example 2.4.5:

Design of transverse stiffeners (continuation of example 3 of chapter

"Members in Bending")
Design of intermediatetransverse stiffeners (continuation of example 4 of
chapter "Members in Bending")
Axially loaded column supported by a beam
Load introduction of wheel loads from cranes
Beam supported by a beam

61

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E

U
C
m

II

M0-

If

5aa, -f'4 2
C

.?

ln

f
U

c
m

I1
0

- 3

01

0
A

F!

m
u)

>
e

I
I

8
E

r
Q)

U
J

T=
0
I1

E
9
0
A

.-2
=I
U

?!

.c
c
..-0
a
5
U)

U-

0
CD

ri

"E

-=
.-CC

s
0

"!

W
(9

U!

c)

9 9

aSS

sc
I1

2-+
/

=I
+

xI1

6
r

+
(3

8
I1

11

E a

E E

EZ

3%

1
I1

.. ..

E
E

\
N

T:

c.
P)

0)
n

P
Q)

C
U)

C
.E

z
n

1
v)
%Nc

eo

s
I

Part 3
Bolted connections
Welded connections
Pin connections

71

3.1

Bolted connections

These examples demonstrate the verification of bolted connections assuming design values of
action effects (Nu, , ,V M
,, etc) which have been calculated by an analysis of the structure and
these values already include ~ r yF
, etc.
The results presented in the examples are rounded values. For the purpose of easy re-calculation
each formula and each check is calculated with the rounded values.
The following examples are included in this chapter:
Example 3.1.1 :
Example 3.1.2:
Example 3.1.3:
Example 3.1.4:
Example 3.1.5:
Example 3.1.6:
Example 3.1.7:
Example 3.1.8:
Example 3.1.9:

Bolted connection of a tension member to a gusset plate

Erection splice at mid span of a lattice girder
Angle connected to a gusset plate
Fin plate connection to H section column
Fin plate connection to RHS column
Flexible end plate connection
Beam to beam connection with cleats
Splice of an unsymmetrical I-section
Bolted end plate connection

72

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Welded connections
These examples demonstrate the verification of welded connections assuming design values of
action effects (NW,V, ,M
, etc) which have been calculated by an analysis of the structure and
these values already include q r , yF etc.
The results presented in the examples are rounded values. For the purpose of easy re-calculation
each formula and each check is calculated with the rounded values.
The following examples are included in this chapter:
Example 3.2.1 :
Example 3.2.2:
Example 3.2.3:
Example 3.2.4:
Example 3.2.5:

Double angle welded to a gusset plate

Bracket welded on a column
Welded beam to column connection without stiffeners
Welded beam to column connection with stiffeners
Hollow section lattice girder joint

96

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?in connections
This example demonstrates the verification of pin connections assuming design values of action
effects N
(,, , ,V ,M
,
etc) which have been calculated by an analysis of the structure and these
values already include qr, yF etc.
The results presented in the examples are rounded values. For the purpose of easy re-calculation
each formula and each check is calculated with the rounded values.

Example 3.3.1:

Pin connection

107

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4;:

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72
n

+AN

Annex A
Values of the reduction factor x for
the appropriate non-dimensional slenderness A.
of buckling curves a,,, a, b, c, d
are given in the following tables

109

Reduction f a c t o r s x f o r buckling curve a,

x
-

( a = 0.13)

0,oo

0.01

0,02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

0,07

0.08

0.09

1,0000
1,0000
1,0000
0,9859
0,9701
0,9513

1.0000
1.0000
0.9986
0,9845
0,9684
0,9492

1,0000
1.0000
0,9973
0,9829
0,9667
0,9470

1,0000
1,0000
0,9959
0.9814
0,9649
0,9448

1,0000
1.0000
0.9945
0,9799
0,9631
0.9425

1,0000
1,0000
0.9931
0,9783
0,9612
0,9402

1,0000
1,0000
0,9917
0,9767
0,9593
0,9378

1,0000
1,0000
0,9903
0,9751
0,9574
0,9354

1,0000
1,0000
0,9889
0,9735
0,9554
0,9328

1,0000
1,0000
0,9874
0.9718
0.9534
0,9302

0,00

0,9276
0.8961
0.8533
0,7961
0,7253

0.9248
0,8924
0.8483
0.7895
0,7178

0,9220
0,8886
0.8431
0.7828
0,7101

0,9191
0.8847
0.8377
0,7760
0.7025

0.9161
0.8806
0.8322
0,7691
0,6948

0.9130
0.8764
0.8266
0,7620
0,6870

0,9099
0,8721
0,8208
0,7549
0,6793

0,9066
0.8676
0.8148
0,7476
0,6715

0,9032
0,8630
0,8087
0,7403
0,6637

0.8997
0,8582
0.8025
0,7329
0,6560

0.60
0.70
0.80
0.90

0,6482
0.5732
0.5053
0,4461
0,3953

0.6405
0,5660
0,4990
0,4407
0.3907

0,6329
0,5590
0,4927
0.4353
0,3861

0,6252
0,5520
0,4866
0.4300
0.3816

0.6176
0.5450
0,4806
0.4248
0.3772

0,6101
0,5382
0,4746
0.4197
0,3728

0,6026
0,5314
0,4687
0,4147
0,3685

0,5951
0,5248
0,4629
0,4097
0,3643

0,5877
0,5182
0,4572
0,4049
0,3601

0.5804
0,5117
0,4516
0,4001
0,3560

1,10

1,20
1,30
1.40
1.50
1.60
1,70
1,80
1.90
2.00

0,3520
0,3150
0 2833
0.2559
0.2323

0,3480
0,3116
0,2804
0,2534
0,2301

0,3441
0,3083
0,2775
0,2509
0,2280

0,3403
0.3050
0.2746
0.2485
0,2258

0,3365
0.3017
0.2719
0,2461
0.2237

0,3328
0.2985
0.2691
0.2437
0.2217

0,3291
0,2954
0,2664
0,2414
0,2196

0,3255
0,2923
0,2637
0.2390
0,2176

0,3219
0,2892
0,2611
0.2368
0,2156

0,3184
0,2862
0,2585
0.2345
0,2136

1.60
1,70
1,80
1.90
2.00

2.10
2.20
2.30
2.40
2.50

0.2117
0.1937
0.1779
0.1639
0,1515

0.2098
0.1920
0,1764
0,1626
0,1503

0,2079
0,1904
0,1749
0,1613
0,1491

0,2061
0,1887
0,1735
0.1600
0.1480

0,2042
0,1871
0,1721
0,1587
0,1469

0.2024
0.1855
0,1707
0,1575
0,1458

0,2006
0.1840
0,1693
0,1563
0,1447

0.1989
0.1824
0,1679
0,1550
0,1436

0,1971
0,1809
0,1665
0,1538
0,1425

0.1954
0.1794
0.1652
0,1526
0.1414

2.10
2.20
2,30
2.40
2,50

2.60
2.70
2.80
2,90
3.00

0,1404
0.1305
0,1216
0,1136
0,1063

0,1394
0,1296
0,1207
0,1128
0,1056

0,1383
0,1286
0,1199
0,1120
0.1049

0,1373
0,1277
0,1191
0,1113
0,1043

0,1363
0.1268
0.1183
0,1106
0,1036

0,1353
0,1259
0,1175
0,1098
0,1029

0,1343
0,1250
0,1167
0,1091
0,1023

0,1333
0,1242
0,1159
0.1084
0,1016

0,1324
0,1233
0,1151
0,1077
0,1010

0,1314
0.1224
0,1143
0.1070
0,1003

2.60
2.70
2.80
2,90

3,lO
3.20
3,30
3.40
3,50

0,0997
0,0937
0,0882
0,0832
0,0786

0,0991
0,0931
0,0877
0,0828
0.0782

0,0985
0.0926
0.0872
0,0823
0.0778

0,0979
0,0920
0.0867
0.0818
0.0773

0.0972
0,0915
0.0862
0.0814
0,0769

0.0966
0,0909
0,0857
0.0809
0,0765

0,0960
0,0904
0,0852
0.0804
0,0761

0.0955
0,0898
0,0847
0.0800
0,0756

0.0949
0.0893
0.0842
0.0795
0,0752

0,0943
0,0888
0.0837
0,0791
0.0748

3,10

3.60

0.0744 0,0740 0,0736 0.0732 0,0728 0.0724 0,0720 0,0717 0.0713 0.0709

0,oo

0.10
0.20
0.30
0,40
0,50

0,60
0,70
0,80
0.90

1,oo
1,lO

110

0,10

0.20
0,30
0.40
0.50

1,00

1.20
1,30
1,40
1,50

3,00

3,20
3,30
3,40
3.50

3.60

Reduction f a c t o r s

f o r b u c k l i n g curve a

(U =

0,Ol

0,02

0,03

0.04

1.0000
1,0000
0.9978
0,9751
0.9501
0.9211

1,0000
1,0000
0.9956
0.9728
0.9474
0.9179

1,0000
1,0000
0,9934
0,9704
0,9447
0,9147

1.0000
1,0000
0,9912
0,9680
0,9419
0,9114

0.60 0,8900 0,8862

0.70 0.8477 0.8430
0.80 0.7957 0,7899
0,90 0,7339 0,7273
1,oo
0,6656 0.6586

0.8823
0,8382
0,7841
0,7206
0,6516

0,8783
0,8332
0,7781
0.7139
0,6446

1,lO
1,20
1,30
1,40
1.50

0,5960
0,5300
0,4703
0.4179
0,3724

0,5892
0,5237
0.4648
0,4130
0.3682

0.5824
0,5175
0.4593
0,4083
0.3641

1.60
1.70
1.80
1.90
2,oo

0,3332
0,2994
0,2702
0,2449
0.2229

0,3296
0,2963
0,2675
0.2426
0,2209

0.3261
0.2933
0,2649
0,2403
0.2188

0,21)

0.06

0,07

0,08

0.09

1,0000
1.0000
0,9889
0,9655
0,9391
0,9080

1,0000
1.0000
0.9867
0.9630
0,9363
0,9045

1,0000
1,0000
0.9844
0,9605
0,9333
0,9010

1,0000
1,0000
0,9821
0.9580
0,9304
0,8974

1,0000
1,0000
0,9798
0,9554
0,9273
0.8937

0.00
0,10

0.8742
0,8282
0.7721
0,7071
0,6376

0,8700
0,8230
0,7659
0,7003
0,6306

0.8657
0,8178
0.7597
0,6934
0,6236

0.8614
0,8124
0,7534
0,6865
0,6167

0,8569
0,8069
0.7470
0,6796
0.6098

0,8524
0.8014
0,7405
0,6726
0,6029

0.60
0.70
0,80
0.90
1.00

0,5757
0,5114
0,4538
0.4036
0.3601

0,5690
0,5053
0,4485
0.3989
0.3561

0,5623
0,4993
0,4432
0,3943
0.3521

0,5557
0,4934
0.4380
0.3898
0.3482

0,5492
0,4875
0,4329
0,3854
0,3444

0,5427
0,4817
0.4278
0,3810
0,3406

0,5363
0,4760
0,4228
0,3767
0,3369

1.10
1.20
1.30
1.40
1.50

0,3226
0.2902
0.2623
0,2380
0.2168

0,3191
0.2872
0,2597
0.2358
0,2149

0,3157
0,2843
0.2571
0,2335
0.2129

0.3124
0.2814
0,2546
0,2314
0,2110

0,3091
0,2786
0,2522
0,2292
0,2091

0,3058
0,2757
0,2497
0,2271
0,2073

0,3026
0,2730
0,2473
0,2250
0,2054

1,60
1.70
1.80
1.90
2.00

2.10 0,2036 0,2018 0,2001 0.1983

2,20 0.1867 0.1851 0.1836 0,1820
2,30 0.1717 0,1704 0,1690 0,1676
2,40 0.1585 0,1573 0,1560 0,1548
2.50 0,1467 0,1456 0.1445 0,1434

0,1966
0,1805
0.1663
0.1536
0.1424

0,1949
0.1790
0,1649
0.1524
0,1413

0.1932
0.1775
0.1636
0.1513
0,1403

0,1915
0,1760
0,1623
0,1501
0,1392

0,1899
0.1746
0,1610
0,1490
0,1382

0.1883
0.1732
0,1598
0.1478
0.1372

2.10
2,20
2,30
2.40
2.50

0,OO

0,oo

1,0000
0.10 1,0000
0,20 1,0000
0,30 0,9775
0,40 0.9528
0,50 0.9243

0.05

0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50

2,60
2.70
2.80
2,90
3,OO

0.1362
0.1267
0,1182
0,1105
0.1036

0.1352
0.1258
0,1174
0,1098
0,1029

0.1342
0,1250
0,1166
0,1091
0,1022

0,1332
0.1241
0.1158
0,1084
0.1016

0,1323
0,1232
0,1150
0,1077
0,1010

0,1313
0,1224
0,1143
0.1070
0,1003

0,1304
0,1215
0,1135
0,1063
0,0997

0,1295
0,1207
0,1128
0,1056
0,0991

0,1285
0,1198
0,1120
0,1049
0,0985

0,1276
0,1190
0,1113
0,1042
0.0978

2.60
2.70
2.80
2,90
3.00

3,lO
3.20
3,30
3.40
3.50

0,0972
0,0915
0,0862
0.0814
0.0769

0,0966
0,0909
0,0857
0,0809
0,0765

0,0960
0,0904
0,0852
0.0804
0.0761

0,0954
0.0898
0,0847
0,0800
0,0757

0,0949
0.0893
0.0842
0.0795
0,0752

0,0943
0,0888
0,0837
0,0791
0.0748

0.0937
0.0882
0,0832
0.0786
0,0744

0,0931
0,0877
0,0828
0,0782
0,0740

0,0926
0.0872
0,0823
0.0778
0,0736

0,0920
0,0867
0,0818
0,0773
0,0732

3.10
3.20
3.30
3.40
3.50

0,0728 0,0724 0,0721 0,0717 0,0713 0,0709 0,0705 0.0702 0,0698 0,0694 3.60

3,60

111

Reduction factors x f o r buckling curve b

( a = 0.34)

0.00

0.01

0,02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0,06

0,07

1,0000
1,0000
1.0000
0,9641
0,9261
0,8842

1,0000
1,0000
0,9965
0.9604
0.9221
0,8798

1,0000
1.0000
0.9929
0,9567
0,9181
0,8752

1,0000
1.0000
0,9894
0,9530
0,9140
0.8707

1,0000
1,0000
0,9858
0,9492
0,9099
0.8661

1,0000
1,0000
0,9822
0,9455
0,9057
0.8614

1,0000
1,0000
0.9786
0,9417
0,9015
0.8566

1.0000
1,0000
0,9750
0,9378
0,8973
0,8518

1.0000 1.0000
1,0000 1,0000
0.9714 0,9678
0,9339 0,9300
0,8930 0,8886
0.8470 0,8420

0,70
0.80
0,90
1.00

0,8371
0,7837
0,7245
0,6612
0.5970

0.8320
0,7780
0,7183
0,6547
0.5907

0,8269
0,7723
0,7120
0,6483
0,5844

0,8217
0,7665
0,7058
0.6419
0,5781

0.8165
0,7606
0,6995
0.6354
0,5719

0,8112
0.7547
0,6931
0,6290
0,5657

0,8058
0,7488
0.6868
0.6226
0.5595

0,8004
0.7428
0,6804
0,6162
0,5534

0,7949
0,7367
0,6740
0.6098
0,5473

0,7893 0,60
0,7306 0,70
0.6676 0.80
0,6034 0,90
0.5412 1.00

1.10
1,20
1.30
1,40
1.50

0,5352
0.4781
0,4269
0.3817
0,3422

0,5293
0,4727
0,4221
0,3775
0,3386

0,5234
0,4674
0,4174
0,3734
0,3350

0,5175
0,4621
0,4127
0.3693
0,3314

0,5117
0,4569
0.4081
0,3653
0,3279

0,5060
0,4517
0,4035
0.3613
0,3245

0,5003
0,4466
0,3991
0,3574
0,3211

0.4947
0,4416
0,3946
0,3535
0,3177

0.4891
0.4366
0,3903
0,3497
0,3144

0.4836
0,4317
0.3860
0,3459
0,3111

1.10
1.20
1.30
1.40
1,50

1.60
1.70
1,80
1,90
2,oo

0,3079
0,2781
0.2521
0.2294
0.2095

0,3047
0.2753
0,2496
0,2272
0,2076

0,3016
0,2726
0,2473
0,2252
0,2058

0,2985
0,2699
0,2449
0,2231
0.2040

0,2955
0,2672
0,2426
0,2211
0,2022

0,2925
0,2646
0,2403
0,2191
0,2004

0.2895
0,2620
0,2381
0,2171
0,1987

0,2866
0,2595
0.2359
0,2152
0,1970

0,2837
0,2570
0,2337
0,2132
0.1953

0,2809
0,2545
0,2315
0,2113
0,1936

1.60
1.70
1.80
1.90
2,00

2.10
2,20
2.30
2,40
2.50

0.1920
0.1765
0,1628
0.1506
0,1397

0,1903
0,1751
0.1615
0,1494
0,1387

0.1887
0.1736
0,1602
0,1483
0,1376

0,1871 0,1855
0,1722 0,1708
0,1590. 0,1577
0.1472 0,1461
0,1366 0,1356

0,1840
0,1694
0.1565
0,1450
0,1347

0.1825
0.1681
0.1553
0,1439
0,1337

0,1809
0,1667
0,1541
0.1428
0.1327

0.1794
0,1654
0,1529
0.1418
0,1318

0.1780
0,1641
0,1517
0,1407
0.1308

2.10
2.20
2.30
2,40
2.50

2.60
2.70
2.80
2.90
3,OO

0.1299
0.1211
0.1132
0,1060
0.0994

0,1290
0.1203
0.1124
0,1053
0,0988

0,1281
0,1195
0,1117
0.1046
0,0982

0,1272
0,1186
0,1109
0,1039
0.0976

0.1263
0.1178
0.1102
0.1033
0,0970

0.1254
0,1170
0,1095
0,1026
0,0964

0.1245
0.1162
0.1088
0,1020
0.0958

0.1237
0.1155
0,1081
0,1013
0.0952

0,1228
0,1147
0,1074
0,1007
0,0946

0,1219 2.60
0,1139 2,70
0.1067 2.80
0,1001 2.90
0,0940 3.00

3,lO
3,20
3,30
3.40
3,50

0,0935
0,0880
0,0831
0.0785
0,0743

0,0929
0.0875
0,0826
0,0781
0,0739

0,0924
0.0870
0,0821
0,0776
0.0735

0,0918
0.0865
0,0816
0,0772
0.0731

0.0912
0,0860
0,0812
0.0768
0.0727

0.0907
0,0855
0,0807
0,0763
0,0723

0,0902
0,0850
0,0803
0,0759
0.0719

0,0896 0,0891 0,0886 3.10

0.0845 0.0840 0,0835 3.20
0.0798 0,0794 0,0789 3,30
0,0755 0,3751 0,0747 3,40
0.0715 0,0712 0.0708 3.50

0,0704 0.0700 0.0697 0,0693 0,0689 0.0686 0,0682 0.0679 0,0675 0.0672

0,oo

0,lO
0.20
0,30
0,40
OS0
0,60

3.60

0.08

0,09
0.00
0,10

0.20
0.30
0,40

0,50

3,60
7

112

Reduct i o n f a c t o r s y, f o r b u c k l i n g curve c

0,Ol

0,02

0.03

( a = 0.49)

0,OO

0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50

1,0000
1,0000
1,0000
0.9491
0.8973
0.8430

1,0000
1,0000
0.9949
0.9440
0.8920
0.8374

1.0000
1,0000
0,9898
0,9389
0,8867
0.8317

1.0000
1,0000
0.9847
0,9338
0.8813
0.8261

1,0000
1,0000
0,9797
0,9286
0,8760
0,8204

1,0000
1,0000
0.9746
0,9235
0,8705
0.8146

1,0000
1,0000
0,9695
0.9183
0,8651
0,8088

1,0000
1,0000
0,9644
0,9131
0,8596
0,8030

1,0000
1,0000
0.9593
0.9078
0.8541
0.7972

1.0000
1,0000
0,9542
0,9026
0,8486
0,7913

0,oo

0,60
0,70
0,80
0,90

0.7794
0,7185
0,6559
0,5937
0,5342

0.7735
0,7123
0,6496
0,5876
0,5284

0,7675
0,7060
0,6433
0.5815
0,5227

0,7614
0,6998
0,6371
0,5755
0,5171

0,7554
0,6935
0,6308
0,5695
0,5115

0,7493
0,6873
0,6246
0,5635
0,5059

0,7432
0,6810
0.6184
0,5575
0,5004

0,7370
0,6747
0.6122
0.5516
0,4950

0,7309
0,6684
0,6060
0,5458
0,4896

0.60
0.70

1,oo

0.7854
0,7247
0,6622
0,5998
0,5399

1,lO
1.20
1.30
1,40
1,50

0,4842
0.4338
0.3888
0,3492
0,3145

0,4790
0,4290
0.3846
0.3455
0.3113

0,4737
0,4243
0,3805
0,3419
0,3081

0,4685
0,4197
0.3764
0,3383
0.3050

0,4634
0,4151
0,3724
0,3348
0,3019

0,4583
0,4106
0.3684
0.3313
0.2989

0,4533
0,4061
0.3644
0,3279
0.2959

0,4483
0,4017
0,3606
0,3245
0,2929

0,4434
0,3974
0.3567
0,3211
0,2900

0,4386
0,3931
0,3529
0,3178
0,2871

1,lO
1,20
1,30
1,40
1.50

1,60
1,70
1,80
1,90
2,oo

0.2842
0,2577
0.2345
0.2141
0,1962

0.2814
0,2553
0,2324
0,2122
0.1945

0,2786
0,2528
0,2302
0,2104
0,1929

0.2759
0,2504
0.2281
0.2085
0,1912

0,2732
0.2481
0,2260
0,2067
0,1896

0.2705
0.2457
0.2240
0,2049
0,1880

0.2679
0,2434
0.2220
0,2031
0,1864

0,2653
0,2412
0,2200
0,2013
0,1849

0.2627
0.2389
0,2180
0,1996
0.1833

0,2602
0,2367
0,2161
0,1979
0.1818

1.60
1.70
1.80
1.90
2.00

2.10
2,20
2.30
2.40
2,50

0.1803
0,1662
0,1537
0.1425
0.1325

0,1788
0.1649
0,1525
0.1415
0.1315

0,1774
0,1636
0,1514
0,1404
0.1306

0,1759
0.1623
0.1502
0,1394
0.1297

0,1745
0,1611
0,1491
0,1384
0.1287

0,1731
0,1598
0,1480
0,1374
0,1278

0,1717
0.1585
0.1468
0,1364
0,1269

0,1703
0,1573
0,1457
0,1354
0.1260

0,1689
0,1561
0,1446
0,1344
0,1252

0,1676
0,1549
0,1436
0,1334
0,1243

2.10
2,20
2,30
2,40
2.50

2.60
2.70
2.80
2,90
3,OO

0,1234
0,1153
0,1079
0,1012
0,0951

0,1226
0.1145
0,1072
0,1006
0,0945

0,1217
0.1137
0,1065
0,0999
0,0939

0,1209
0,1130
0.1058
0,0993
0,0934

0.1201
0,1122
0.1051
0.0987
0.0928

0,1193
0.1115
0.1045
0,0981
0,0922

0,1184
0,1108
0,1038
0,0975
0,0917

0,1176
0,1100
0.1031
0.0969
0,0911

0,1168
0,1093
0,1025
0,0963
0.0906

0,1161
0,1086
0,1018
0,0957
0,0901

2,60
2,70
2.80
2,90
3.00

3.10
3,20
3,30
3,40
3,50

0,0895
0,0844
0,0797
0,0754
0,0715

0,0890
0,0839
0,0793
0.0750
0,0711

0,0885
0,0835
0,0789
0.0746
0,0707

0,0879
0,0830
0.0784
0,0742
0,0703

0,0874
0,0825
0,0780
0,0738
0,0700

0.0869
0,0820
0,0775
0,0734
0.0696

0.0864
0,0816
0,0771
0,0730
0,0692

0,0859
0,0811
0,0767
0,0726
0,0689

0.0854
0.0806
0,0763
0,0722
0,0685

0,0849
0,0802
0,0759
0,0719
0.0682

3,lO
3,20
3.30
3,40
3.50

3.60

0,0678 0,0675 0,0671 0,0668 0,0664 0,0661 0,0657 0,0654 0,0651 0,0647

3,60

0.04
~~~~~

0,05
~~

0.06
~~~

0,07

0,08

~~~~~~

0.09

~~~~~~

0.10
0,20
0.30
0.40
0.50

0,80

0,90
1,OO

Reduction factors x f o r buckling curve d

(a =

0.76)

0.00

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.10
0,20
0,30
0.40
0,50

1.0000
1.0000
1,0000
0,9235
0,8504
0,7793

1,0000
1,0000
0.9921
0,9160
0,8432
0,7723

1,0000
1,0000
0.9843
0.9086
0,8360
0,7653

1.0000
1,0000
0.9765
0,9013
0,8289
0,7583

1.0000
1,0000
0,9688
0.8939
0,8218
0.7514

0.9611
0,8866
0,8146
0,7444

0,9535
0,8793
0,8075
0,7375

0,9459
0,8721
0,8005
0,7306

0,9384
0,8648
0,7934
0,7237

0,9309
0,8576
0,7864
0.7169

0.10
0.20
0.30
0,40
0,50

0,60
0,70
0.80
0,90
1.00

0,7100
0,6431
0.5797
0,5208
0.4671

0,7032
0.6366
0,5736
0,5152
0,4620

0,6964
0,6301
0,5675
0,5096
0.4570

0,6897
0,6237
0.5615
0,5041
0,4521

0,6829
0,6173
0.5556
0.4987
0,4472

0,6762
0,6109
0.5496
0,4933
0.4423

0,6695
0,6046
0,5438
0,4879
0,4375

0.6629
0,5983
0,5379
0,4826
0,4328

0.6563
0,5921
0,5322
0,4774
0,4281

0,6497
0,5859
0.5265
0.4722
0.4235

0,60
0,70
0.80
0.90
1.00

1.10
1,20
1,30
1.40
1.50

0.4189
0.3762
0.3385
0,3055
0.2766

0.4144
0,3722
0,3350
0,3024
0,2739

0.4099
0.3683
0,3316
0,2994
0,2712

0,4055
0,3644
0,3282
0.2964
0,2686

0,4012
0.3605
0,3248
0,2935
0,2660

0.3969
0,3568
0.3215
0.2906
0,2635

0,3926
0,3530
0,3182
0,2877
0.2609

0,3884
0,3493
0,3150
0.2849
0,2585

0,3843
0,3457
0,3118
0,2821
0.2560

0.3802
0,3421
0,3086
0,2793
0.2536

1.10
1,20
1,30
1.40
1.50

1.60
1.70
1,80
1,90
2.00

0.2512
0.2289
0,2093
0,1920
0.1766

0,2488
0.2268
0,2075
0.1904
0.1752

0.2465
0.2248
0.2057
0.1888
0.1738

0,2442
0,2228
0,2039
0,1872
0,1724

0,2419
0.2208
0,2021
0,1856
0,1710

0.2397
0,2188
0,2004
0,1841
0.1696

0,2375
0,2168
0,1987
0,1826
0,1683

0,2353
0,2149
0.1970
0,1810
0.1669

0,2331
0,2130
0,1953
0,1796
0,1656

0,2310
0,2112
0,1936
0.1781
0,1643

1.60
1,70
1,80
1.90
2.00

2.10
2.20
2.30
2,40
2,50

0.1630
0,1508
0.1399
0.1302
0,1214

0,1617
0,1497
0,1389
0,1292
0.1205

0,1604
0,1486
0,1379
0,1283
0.1197

0.1592
0,1474
0.1369
0,1274
0.1189

0,1580
0,1463
0.1359
0,1265
0,1181

0.1567
0,1452
0,1349
0.1257
0,1173

0,1555
0,1442
0,1340
0,1248
0,1165

0,1543
0,1431
0,1330
0,1239
0.1157

0,1532
0,1420
0.1320
0,123i
0.1149

0.1520
0.1410
0;1311
0.1222
0.1142

2.10
2.20
2.30
2.40
2,50

2,60
2.70
2,80
2,90
3,OO

0,1134
0,1062
0.0997
0.0937
0.0882

0,1127
0,1055
0,0990
0,0931
0,0877

0,1119
0,1048
0,0984
0,0926
0,0872

0.1112
0,1042
0,0978
0,0920
0,0867

0.1104
0,1035
0,0972
0,0914
0,0862

0,1097
0,1029
0,0966
0,0909
0.0857

0,1090
0,1022
0,0960
0,0904
0,0852

0.1083
0,1016
0,0954
0,0898
0,0847

0,1076
0,1009
0,0948
0,0893
0,0842

0.1069
0,1003
0,0943
0,0888
0,0837

2.60
2,70
2,80
2.90

3.10
3,20
3.30
3,40
3,50

0,0832
0,0786
0,0744
0.0705
0.0669

0,0828
0.0782
0,0740
0,0702
0.0666

0.0823
0.0778
0,0736
0,0698
0,0663

0.0818
0,0773
0,0732
0,0694
0,0659

0,0814
0,0769
0,0728
0,0691
0,0656

0,0809
0,0765
0.0724
0,0687
0,0652

0,0804
0,0761
0,0721
0,0683
0,0649

0,0800
0,0757
0,0717
0,0680
0,0646

0,0795
0,0752
0.0713
0,0676
0,0643

0.0791
0,0748
0,0709
0,0673
0,0639

3,20
3.30
3,40
3.50

0,0636 0.0633 0,0630 0,0627 0,0624 0,0620 0,0617 0.0614 0,0611 0,0608

0,oo

3,60

0.05

0,06

0.07

0.08

0.09

1,0000 1,0000 1.0000 1,0000 1,0000

1,0000 1,0000 1,0000 1 * 0000 1,0000

114

0.00

3,00
3,10

3.60