DP Test Northview 2025 With Key
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exiong3712DP Test Northview 2025 With Key
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exiong3712DP Test Northview 2025 NAMES________________________
DATE________ Team#______
1. W
hich of the following statements on ocean salinityis not correct?
a. Average salinity is 35 percent.
b. There are, on average, 35g of dissolved salt in every kg of seawater.
c. Salinity of ocean surface water is associated with latitude.
d. Salinities will be lower in areas of high precipitation.
2. Which of the following is not a trace element in sea water?
a. Nickel
b. Manganese
c. Titanium
d. Boron
3. Which of the following is not a mechanism for regulating the ocean's salt balance?
a. river discharge
b. sea spray
c. hydrothermal vent activity
d. All of the above are mechanisms.
4. The principle of constant proportion:
a. applies to only the trace elements.
b. can only be applied near river mouths.
c. states that the ratio of major ions does not change with salinity.
d. is different at the ocean bottom than on the surface.
5. The following method is not used to accurately determine the salinity of seawater.
a. electrical conductivity
b. chloride concentration
c. light refraction
d. taste
6. T
he depth that represents equilibrium between oxygen and carbon dioxide production is termed the
____________ depth.
a. Equilibrium
b. Compensation
c. Decomposition
d. Anaerobic
7. Which of the following statements about the distribution of gases is not correct?
a. Plants produce oxygen through photosynthesis at all depths.
b. Oxygen values of quiet surface waters may become supersaturated.
c. Anoxic conditions may occur on the floor of deep basins.
d. Carbon dioxide levels at the surface are typically very low because of photosynthesis.
8. The concentration of this ion determines the pH of water.
a. CO32-
b. Ca2+
c. HCO3-
d. H+
9. Carbon dioxide and water combine to form:
a. CO32-
b. Ca2+
c. H2C
O3
+
d. H
10.Which of the following statements on desalination is not correct?
a. Solar powered stills can produce fresh water, but at a very slow rate.
b. Distillation through boiling water and capturing condensate is energy intensive and expensive.
c. Low salinity water can be desalinated by ion exchange.
d. Solar evaporation does not work because the salt evaporates with the water.
11.Which of the following is an example of a cation?
a. Na+
b. Cl-
c. NaCl
d. H2
12.Which is not true about the latitudinal variations in seawater salinity?
a. Surface salinity is lower near the equator where precipitation exceeds evaporation.
b. Surface salinity is high near 30oN and 30oS whereevaporation exceeds precipitation.
c. Salinity is high at the poles where evaporation is low.
d. Salinity is low in the mid latitudes (60oN
and 60oS)where precipitation exceeds evaporation.
13.Arrange the following constituents in seawater in order from highest to lowest concentration:
a. magnesium, sodium, potassium, chloride, sulfate
b. chloride, sodium, sulfate, magnesium, calcium, potassium
c. chloride, sodium, calcium, potassium, magnesium, sulfate
d. magnesium, sodium, calcium, potassium, sulfate
14.Which of the following is not a process that adds salt to the ocean?
a. hydrothermal activities at mid ocean ridges
b. volcanoes
c. river runoff
d. sea spray
15.Which of the following ions has the greatest residence time in the oceans?
a. Sodium
b. Potassium
c. Aluminum
d. Calcium
16.Which of the following substance has the lowest pH?
a. Coffee
b. Seawater
c. Hydrochloric acid
d. Milk
17.Oceanic crustal rock is best described as:
a. high in aluminum, sodium, potassium, and silica.
b. having highly variable composition.
c. high in magnesium, iron, and calcium.
d. having an average thickness of about 40 km.
18.Which of the following does not accurately describe mid-ocean rises?
a. gently sloped compared to mid-ocean ridges
b. narrow zones of volcanic activity
c. central rift valley
d. highest elevation along central axis
19.Of the following statements about the Earth's plates, which is correct?
a. Oceans are not underlain by plates but by bowls.
b. Oceanic plates are comprised of much older rocks than continental rocks.
c. New lithosphere is formed at divergent plate boundaries.
d. Transform faults are where crust is subducted.
20.Passive continental margins are characterized by:
a. narrow continental shelves.
b. volcanic activity.
c. wide, seismically quiet coastal zones.
d. deep ocean trenches.
21.Which statement does not correctly describe hydrothermal vents?
a. Hydrothermal vent activity is known to occur at seafloor spreading centers.
b. Chimneys are channels where cold water seeps down into the crust.
c. Vents can occur over some of the thickest portions of crust.
d. Minerals may precipitate rapidly out of super-heated plumes of water.
22.What was Hess's major contribution to the theory of plate tectonics?
a. He noticed that the continents looked like they once fit together.
b. He mapped the ocean floor and discovered the existence of underwater mountain ranges.
c. He proposed a theory whereby lithosphere could move atop the asthenosphere due to mantle
convection.
d. He discovered the reversals of the Earth's magnetic field.
23.Which type of crust will subduct most rapidly?
a. Old continental crust
b. Young continental crust
c. Old oceanic crust
d. Young oceanic crust
24.The Philippines are the result of what type of plate boundary?
a. Oceanic-Oceanic Convergent
b. Oceanic-Continental Convergent
c. Transform
d. Divergent
25.Which of the following statements does not accurately describe water molecules?
a. Each of the hydrogen atoms is linked to the oxygen atom by a covalent bond.
b. Hydrogen bonds link hydrogen atoms in one water molecule to oxygen atoms in another
molecule.
c. Oxygen atoms in a water molecule are negatively charged and hydrogen atoms are positively
charged.
d. The water molecule has a linear arrangement of atoms because the hydrogen atoms repel each
other.
26.The gain or loss of heat in a body of water is measured by:
a. Temperature
b. Calories
c. Fusion
d. Your big toe
27.Which of the following statements is not correct?
a. A change of state occurs when liquid water changes to ice or vapor.
b. Melting of ice requires enough heat energy to break the hydrogen bonds.
c. Loss of heat when condensate forms from vapor leads to a lower temperature in the
condensate.
d. A calorie is the amount of heat needed to raise 1 gram of water 1 degree Celsius.
28.The amount of heat required to evaporate one gram of water at 50oC
is:
a. 540 calories
b. 590 calories
c. 568.5 calories
d. 100 calories
29.The heat capacity of water:
a. explains why it changes temperature very rapidly.
b. is about the same as land.
c. is 1 calorie/g/oC.
d. changes greatly with the addition of salt.
30.Which of the following statements does not correctly describe water properties?
a. Cohesion reflects the ability of hydrogen bonds to hold water molecules together.
b. Cohesion is visible in the water's surface tension.
c. Increasing the temperature of water increases the surface tension.
d. Viscosity increases with the addition of salt.
31.The density of pure water:
a. decreases with cooling.
b. reaches its maximum at about 4oC.
c. does not change with the addition of salt.
d. is greater than steel, which is why ships float.
32.Select the statement that does not correctly describe the effect of temperature on water density.
a. Warm water has lower density than cold water.
b. Water decreases its volume when it freezes.
c. Water molecules move apart slightly as temperatures cool below 4oC.
d. Water vapor is less dense than dry air alone.
33.The effect of salt on the density of water is not correctly described in which of the following
statements?
a. Density decreases as salt is added.
b. Some ocean water reaches its maximum density at the freezing point.
c. Adding salt lowers the freezing temperature.
d. As open ocean water cools towards the freezing point, it sinks continuously.
34.Which of these statements best describes the solubility of salts in water?
a. Ocean water is diluted (its salinity drops) as it evaporates and salt is carried away with the
water vapor.
b. Sodium chloride in solution remains as a molecule of NaCl.
c. NaCl dissolves into separate ions in water.
d. Salts on land result from the precipitation of water vapor evaporated from the ocean.
35.Ocean temperatures are accurately described by all but which of the following statements?
a. The surface of the ocean is heated by solar radiation.
b. Surface water transfers heat downward through convection as it warms.
c. Heat is transferred to the atmosphere through evaporation.
d. Only a small amount of heat is transferred to depths through conduction.
36.Visible light from the sun:
a. attenuates rapidly with depth.
b. loses the shorter wavelengths first.
c. is not part of the electromagnetic spectrum.
d. is equally transmitted across all wavelengths in water.
37.The bending of light passing from air to water is:
a. Defraction
b. Reflection
c. Deflection
d. Refraction
38.Sound waves:
a. travel faster in water than air.
b. travel faster in warm water.
c. that originate in the sofar channel remain in that layer.
d. are accurately described by A, B, and C.
39.Which of the following exploration methods does not utilize sound?
a. measurement of depths
b. measurement of changes in water temperature
c. location of objects in the water
d. changes in visibility through water
40.Sea ice:
a. does not include ice anchored to land.
b. forms only in the northern polar seas.
c. first forms as glacial ice.
d. exists year round in the central Arctic Ocean.
41.Warm air moving over cooler water will form:
a. Advective fog.
b. Salty fog.
c. Radiative fog.
d. Sea smoke.
42.Which of the following statements regarding icebergs is not correct?
a. Icebergs pose hazards only to shipping in the northern oceans.
b. Icebergs begin as glacial ice.
c. Icebergs calve off from glaciers.
d. A large iceberg may drift in the ocean for several years.
43.At a depth of 30 meters:
a. blue objects will still appear blue.
b. red objects may appear black because of the absence of red light waves.
c. only light at the shorter end of the spectrum remains.
d. The statements in A, B, and C are each correct.
44.Which of the following is NOT true about phase changes of water?
a. More energy is required to melt ice than to freeze water.
b. The phase change between liquid water and water vapor involves the most heat being
absorbed or released.
c. More energy is required to evaporate water than to melt ice.
d. The melting point and freezing point of water is 0oC.
45.Which is not true about the relationships between salt and fresh water?
a. Higher salinity water has a greater density than lower salinity water.
b. The freezing point of water decreases as salinity increases.
c. The boiling point of water increases as salinity increases.
d. Salt water floats on fresh water.
46.The 105o angle between the hydrogen atoms in a watermolecule is important because:
a. it increases the strength of the covalent bonds between oxygen and hydrogen.
b. it makes the charge of the water molecule unbalanced or polar.
c. it makes it easier for the hydrogen and oxygen atoms to separate from the molecule.
d. it increases the conductivity of water.
47.Which of the following is NOT true about water?
a. It is the only substance to occur naturally as a solid, liquid, and gas on Earth.
b. It dissolves more substances than any other solvent.
c. It has the highest specific heat of all substances.
d. It is very compressible.
48.Which is not true about between sea ice versus icebergs?
a. Icebergs form when a piece of land ice breaks off and falls into the sea.
b. Sea ice forms from seawater.
c. In terms of sea level rise, melting sea ice and melting of icebergs are equally threatening.
d. Ice bergs form from fresh water.
49.Which of the following statements does not accurately describe depth measurements?
a. A measurement of depth is termed a sounding
b. Sea level is uniform across the oceans.
c. Modern depth recorders may use sound to take measurements.
d. Lasers can only be used to take soundings in clear, shallow water.
50.Which of the following is not a characteristic of active continental margins?
a. tectonically active
b. transition from continental to oceanic crust in the same lithospheric plate
c. associated with plate boundary
d. narrow shelf
51.Which statement does not accurately describe continental shelves?
a. Shelves are the edges of continents.
b. Shelves adjacent to steep land surfaces are typically very wide.
c. Geologically, shelves are part of the continents.
d. Natural dams may trap sediments between the offshore dam and the coast.
52.The gradual slope of the shelf floor steepens rapidly at the:
a. Continental rise.
b. Continental slope.
c. Shelf break.
d. Abyssal plain.
53.Turbidity currents:
a. may be associated with submarine canyons.
b. result from earthquakes or overloaded slopes.
c. may move at speeds of up to 90km per hour.
d. are described by all of the above.
54.Select the statement that does not correctly describe submarine canyons.
a. They are steep sided valleys with V-shaped profiles.
b. They are eroded back into the continental shelf.
c. They extend across the abyssal plains.
d. All of the above are correct.
55.Which of the following statements about the ocean basin floor is not correct?
a. Abyssal plains may be separated by high mid-ocean ridges.
b. The ocean basin floor includes the continental rise.
c. Abyssal hills are scattered over much of the sea floor.
d. Guyots are wave eroded former volcanic islands.
56.All of the following are examples of volcanic island arcs except the __________ Islands.
a. Japanese
b. Aleutian
c. Hawai’ian
d. Philippine
57.Moving from the shoreline to the deep ocean the correct order of features is:
a. continental rise, continental shelf, continental slope, shelf break.
b. continental shelf, shelf break, continental slope, continental rise.
c. continental shelf, continental rise, shelf break, continental slope.
d. shelf break, continental shelf, continental slope, continental rise.
58.What is the primary cause of the thermocline in the ocean?
A. Differences in salinity
B. Differences in temperature
C. Differences in pressure
D. Differences in density
59.Which of the following is NOT a source of salt in the ocean?
A. Volcanic activity
B. Weathering of rocks
C. Photosynthesis
D. Hydrothermal vents
60.In the three-layer model of ocean structure, what is the middle layer called?
A. Thermocline
B. Pycnocline
C. Halocline
D. Mesosphere
61.Which of the following would likely cause an increase in ocean pH?
A. Increased atmospheric CO₂
B. Decreased atmospheric CO₂
C. Increased ocean temperature
D. Increased salinity
62.What is the primary force responsible for western intensification of ocean currents?
A. Coriolis effect
B. Tidal forces
C. Pressure gradients
D. Wind stress
63.Ekman transport results in surface water movement at approximately what angle to the wind direction
in the Northern Hemisphere?
A. 0 degrees (parallel)
B. 45 degrees to the right
C. 90 degrees to the right
D. 180 degrees (opposite)
64.Which of the following is a key characteristic of thermohaline circulation?
A. It is primarily driven by wind patterns
B. It only occurs in tropical regions
C. It involves both surface and deep ocean currents
D. It has minimal impact on global climate
65.Where does North Atlantic Deep Water primarily form?
A. Mediterranean Sea
B. Norwegian and Greenland Seas
C. Gulf of Mexico
D. Caribbean Sea
66.Which wave property is defined as the distance between two consecutive crests?
A. Amplitude
B. Wavelength
C. Period
D. Frequency
67.What is the primary cause of tsunamis?
A. Strong sustained winds
B. Atmospheric pressure changes
C. Underwater seismic activity
D. Gravitational pull of the moon
68.What causes spring tides?
A. The alignment of the sun, moon, and Earth
B. The perpendicular alignment of the sun and moon relative to Earth
C. Seasonal changes in ocean temperature
D. Increased rainfall during spring months
69.Which of the following is characteristic of a mixed tidal pattern?
A. Two equal high tides and two equal low tides daily
B. One high tide and one low tide daily
C. Two high tides and two low tides of different heights daily
D. No predictable pattern of tides
70.What type of current typically forms parallel to the shoreline in the surf zone?
A. Rip current
B. Longshore current
C. Tidal current
D. Geostrophic current
71.Which coastal feature forms when a barrier island encloses a body of water?
A. Fjord
B. Lagoon
C. Estuary
D. Sea stack
72.What is the primary evidence that supports the theory of seafloor spreading?
A. Ocean depth measurements
B. Magnetic striping patterns on the ocean floor
C. Salinity gradients
D. Ocean current patterns
73.Which oceanic feature marks the boundary between oceanic and continental crust?
A. Mid-ocean ridge
B. Abyssal plain
C. Continental shelf
D. Oceanic trench
74.What climate phenomenon is characterized by unusually warm ocean temperatures in the equatorial
Pacific?
A. Pacific Decadal Oscillation
B. Southern Annular Mode
C. El Niño
D. La Niña
75.Which of the following is NOT a direct consequence of ocean acidification?
A. Decreased calcium carbonate availability for marine organisms
B. Reduced coral reef growth
C. Increased sea surface temperature
D. Changes in shell formation for certain marine species
76.What instrument is used to measure temperature, conductivity, and depth in the ocean?
A. Sonar
B. CTD device
C. ADCP (Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler)
D. Secchi disk
77.In geostrophic balance, which forces are in equilibrium?
A. Gravitational force and buoyancy
B. Wind stress and bottom friction
C. Coriolis force and pressure gradient force
D. Centrifugal force and tidal force
78.Which oceanic sediment type is primarily composed of the shells and skeletons of marine organisms?
A. Lithogenous sediment
B. Hydrogenous sediment
C. Biogenous sediment
D. Cosmogenous sediment
79.What is the primary driving mechanism for coastal upwelling?
A. Tidal forces
B. Wind-driven Ekman transport
C. River discharge
D. Submarine groundwater seepage
80.How do coral atolls form?
A. From the gradual accumulation of sediment around an underwater volcano
B. From the subsidence of a volcanic island while coral continues to grow upward
C. From the erosion of continental landmasses
D. From tectonic uplift of the ocean floor
81.Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of oceanic crust?
A. Generally younger than continental crust
B. Primarily composed of granitic rock
C. Thinner than continental crust
D. Forms at mid-ocean ridges
82.What causes the formation of turbidity currents in the ocean?
A. Tidal fluctuations
B. Temperature differences
C. Underwater landslides or dense sediment-laden water
D. Volcanic eruptions
83.Which water mass forms in the Antarctic region and fills much of the deep ocean basins?
A. North Atlantic Deep Water
B. Antarctic Bottom Water
C. Mediterranean Intermediate Water
D. Arctic Surface Water
84.What is the primary reason for the formation of seamounts?
A. Sediment accumulation
B. Underwater volcanic activity
C. Tectonic uplift
D. Coral reef growth
85.Which of the following best describes the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO)?
A. A short-term fluctuation in sea level occurring over days to weeks
B. A long-term pattern of Pacific climate variability lasting 20-30 years
C. A seasonal variation in ocean temperature near the equator
D. A daily fluctuation in ocean salinity due to evaporation
86.What is the primary cause of ocean deoxygenation?
A. Increased solar radiation
B. Rising sea levels
C. Ocean warming and increased stratification
D. Decreased atmospheric pressure
87.Which of the following waves can travel across entire ocean basins with minimal energy loss?
A. Wind waves
B. Internal waves
C. Kelvin waves
D. Capillary waves
88.What is the primary difference between Rossby waves and Kelvin waves?
A. Rossby waves are influenced by the Coriolis effect; Kelvin waves are trapped along boundaries
B. Rossby waves occur only in deep water; Kelvin waves occur only in shallow water
C. Rossby waves are caused by tides; Kelvin waves are caused by wind
D. Rossby waves affect temperature; Kelvin waves affect salinity
89.Which of the following is a characteristic of a diurnal tidal pattern?
A. Two high tides and two low tides of equal height each day
B. Two high tides and two low tides of unequal height each day
C. One high tide and one low tide each day
D. Four high tides and four low tides each day
90.What process is primarily responsible for the formation of abyssal plains?
A. Volcanic activity
B. Sediment deposition
C. Tectonic uplift
D. Wave erosion
91.Which of the following is a key characteristic of estuaries?
A. They form exclusively at convergent tectonic plate boundaries
B. They contain a mixture of freshwater and saltwater
C. They are typically found in deep ocean basins
D. They only form in tropical regions
92.What is the primary function of a CTD device in oceanographic research?
A. To measure ocean current velocity
B. To collect sediment samples from the seafloor
C. To measure conductivity, temperature, and depth
D. To track marine mammal migrations
93.Which of the following features is associated with divergence zones in surface ocean circulation?
A. Downwelling
B. High surface productivity
C. Low nutrient concentrations
D. High surface temperatures
94.What is the primary cause of ocean thermal expansion?
A. Increased salinity
B. Rising water temperature
C. Changes in atmospheric pressure
D. Increased precipitation
95.Which type of coastal landform is created primarily through depositional processes?
A. Sea cliff
B. Sea arch
C. Barrier island
D. Sea stack
96.What is the primary role of the Southern Annular Mode (SAM) in ocean circulation?
A. It influences the strength and position of the westerly winds in the Southern Hemisphere
B. It controls the formation of deep water in the North Atlantic
C. It regulates the intensity of El Niño events
D. It determines the strength of the Gulf Stream
97.What is the primary cause of western boundary currents being stronger than eastern boundary
currents?
A. Temperature differences
B. Salinity gradients
C. The conservation of potential vorticity and the beta effect
D. Differences in water depth
Extended Response:
. ediments - Match each of the following sediment core descriptions (given from the bottom of the
S
core up) with the environment in the ocean or adjacent water bodies that they would most likely have
been deposited.
1. Symmetric ripple cross laminations in sand and mud. ______
2. Interbedded clay and hummocky cross stratified material ____
3. Laminated clay, silt, sand with unidirectional ripples, laminated clay interbedded with sand ______
4. Multiple layers of laminated and massive clay ______
5. Fresh pillow basalts with a small accumulation of clay ______
6. Layers of evaporite deposits with carbonate, sulfate, and salt deposits ______
7. Biogenous ooze dominated by silica ______
8. Coarse grained sand and sand sized shell fragments ______
9. Clay showing mud cracks ______
10. Carbonate rich biogenous ooze ______
a . elta
D
a. Intertidal zone
b. Continental rise
c. Tropical ocean away from the input of sediments from rivers
d. Shallow shoal
e. Nearshore, wave dominated zone
f. Reverse estuary
g. Continental shelf between the calm weather wave base and the storm wave base
h. A few kilometers from the mid ocean ridge
i. Abyssal plain
j. Polar ocean away from river sediment input
II. Ocean Chemistry
se the equation below and the graph of seawater compositions from a location in the North Atlantic, to
U
answer the following questions:
106 CO
+ 122 H
2
O + 16 NO + PO
2
+ 19 H
= -
3 4
3-
+
(CH
O)
(NH
)
H
PO
2
+ 138 O
106
3
16
3
4
2
1. Which of the components in the equation above are nutrients?
2. What components in the above equation are produced during the photosynthesis reaction?
3. What components in the equation are consumed during the photosynthesis reaction?
4 . Using the data from the graph above, at what depth level of the ocean does photosynthesis exceed
respiration?
5 . What effect should the interplay between photosynthesis and respiration have on the carbon dioxide
concentration of the seawater?
6 . On the graph draw a line showing the variation of carbon dioxide concentration with depth in the portion
of the Atlantic Ocean described above.
7. Why are phosphate concentrations so low in the upper 100 meters?
8. If data for silica were plotted on the diagram, what would the curve look like?
I II. Coastal Landforms: Match the indicated landforms (in the photos that follow) with the appropriate terms
from the list below. There are more terms than landforms.
Aeolian
Backshore
Bar
Berm
Berm crest
Cusp
A. ________________________
Dune
B. ________________________
Foreshore
C.________________________
Runnel
D.________________________
Scarp
E. ________________________
Sea cliff
F. ________________________
Sea stack
G.________________________
Shingle
H.________________________
Splash zone
I. ________________________
Strandplain
J. ________________________
Surf zone
K. ________________________
Swash zone
L. ________________________
Terrace
M.________________________
Tidal flat
N.______________________
Wrack line
2. What is the origin of “wrack line”? What is another term for a wrack line?
3. “Chenier” is associated with what term in the list (above)?
4. When sand is mechanically added to a beach it is called “Beach _____________.”
OCEANOGRAPHY TEST 1 AME__________________
N
DATE_________SCH______
MC ANSWER KEY
1. B
2. C
3. A
4. B
5. A
6. C
7. C
8. B
9. B
10.C
11.A
12.C
13.B
14.B
15.B
16.C
17.C
18.C
19.B
20.C
21.C
22.B
23.B
24.B
25.C
26.B
27.B
28.B
29.C
30.C
31.A
32.C
33.B
34.B
35.C
36.B
37.B
38.C
39.A
40.C
41. Which of the following statements on ocean salinityis not correct?
a. Average salinity is 35 percent.
b. There are, on average, 35g of dissolved salt in every kg of seawater.
c. Salinity of ocean surface water is associated with latitude.
d. Salinities will be lower in areas of high precipitation.
42.Which of the following is not a trace element in sea water?
a. Nickel
b . Manganese
c. Titanium
d. Boron
43.Which of the following is not a mechanism for regulating the ocean's salt balance?
a. river discharge
b. sea spray
c. hydrothermal vent activity
d. All of the above are mechanisms.
44.The principle of constant proportion:
a. applies to only the trace elements.
b. can only be applied near river mouths.
c. states that the ratio of major ions does not change with salinity.
d. is different at the ocean bottom than on the surface.
45.The following method is not used to accurately determine the salinity of seawater.
a. electrical conductivity
b. chloride concentration
c. light refraction
d. taste
46.The depth that represents equilibrium between oxygen and carbon dioxide production is termed the
____________ depth.
a. Equilibrium
b. Compensation
c. Decomposition
d. Anaerobic
47.Which of the following statements about the distribution of gases is not correct?
a. Plants produce oxygen through photosynthesis at all depths.
b. Oxygen values of quiet surface waters may become supersaturated.
c. Anoxic conditions may occur on the floor of deep basins.
d. Carbon dioxide levels at the surface are typically very low because of photosynthesis.
48.The concentration of this ion determines the pH of water.
a. CO32-
b. Ca2+
c. HCO3-
d. H+
49.Carbon dioxide and water combine to form:
a. CO32-
b. Ca2+
c. H2CO3
d. H+
50.Which of the following statements on desalination is not correct?
a. Solar powered stills can produce fresh water, but at a very slow rate.
b. Distillation through boiling water and capturing condensate is energy intensive and expensive.
c. Low salinity water can be desalinated by ion exchange.
d. Solar evaporation does not work because the salt evaporates with the water.
51.Which of the following is an example of a cation?
a. Na+
b. Cl-
c. NaCl
d. H2
52.Which is not true about the latitudinal variations in seawater salinity?
a . Surface salinity is lower near the equator where precipitation exceeds evaporation.
b. Surface salinity is high near 30oN and 30oS whereevaporation exceeds precipitation.
c. Salinity is high at the poles where evaporation is low.
d. Salinity is low in the mid latitudes (60oN
and 60oS)where precipitation exceeds evaporation.
53.Arrange the following constituents in seawater in order from highest to lowest concentration:
a. magnesium, sodium, potassium, chloride, sulfate
b. chloride, sodium, sulfate, magnesium, calcium, potassium
c. chloride, sodium, calcium, potassium, magnesium, sulfate
d. magnesium, sodium, calcium, potassium, sulfate
54.Which of the following is not a process that adds salt to the ocean?
a. hydrothermal activities at mid ocean ridges
b. volcanoes
c. river runoff
d. sea spray
55.Which of the following ions has the greatest residence time in the oceans?
a. Sodium
b. Potassium
c. Aluminum
d. Calcium
56.Which of the following substance has the lowest pH?
a. Coffee
b. Seawater
c. Hydrochloric acid
d. Milk
57.Oceanic crustal rock is best described as:
a. high in aluminum, sodium, potassium, and silica.
b. having highly variable composition.
c. high in magnesium, iron, and calcium.
d. having an average thickness of about 40 km.
58.Which of the following does not accurately describe mid-ocean rises?
a. gently sloped compared to mid-ocean ridges
b. narrow zones of volcanic activity
c. central rift valley
d. highest elevation along central axis
59.Of the following statements about the Earth's plates, which is correct?
a. Oceans are not underlain by plates but by bowls.
b. Oceanic plates are comprised of much older rocks than continental rocks.
c. New lithosphere is formed at divergent plate boundaries.
d. Transform faults are where crust is subducted.
60.Passive continental margins are characterized by:
a. narrow continental shelves.
b. volcanic activity.
c. wide, seismically quiet coastal zones.
d. deep ocean trenches.
61.Which statement does not correctly describe hydrothermal vents?
a. Hydrothermal vent activity is known to occur at seafloor spreading centers.
b. Chimneys are channels where cold water seeps down into the crust.
c. Vents can occur over some of the thickest portions of crust.
d. Minerals may precipitate rapidly out of super-heated plumes of water.
62.What was Hess's major contribution to the theory of plate tectonics?
a . H e noticed that the continents looked like they once fit together.
b. He mapped the ocean floor and discovered the existence of underwater mountain ranges.
c. He proposed a theory whereby lithosphere could move atop the asthenosphere due to
mantle convection.
d. He discovered the reversals of the Earth's magnetic field.
63.Which type of crust will subduct most rapidly?
a. Old continental crust
b. Young continental crust
c. Old oceanic crust
d. Young oceanic crust
64.The Philippines are the result of what type of plate boundary?
a. Oceanic-Oceanic Convergent
b. Oceanic-Continental Convergent
c. Transform
d. Divergent
65.Which of the following statements does not accurately describe water molecules?
a. Each of the hydrogen atoms is linked to the oxygen atom by a covalent bond.
b. Hydrogen bonds link hydrogen atoms in one water molecule to oxygen atoms in another
molecule.
c. Oxygen atoms in a water molecule are negatively charged and hydrogen atoms are positively
charged.
d. The water molecule has a linear arrangement of atoms because the hydrogen atoms
repel each other.
66.The gain or loss of heat in a body of water is measured by:
a. Temperature
b. Calories
c. Fusion
d. Your big toe
67.Which of the following statements is not correct?
a. A change of state occurs when liquid water changes to ice or vapor.
b. Melting of ice requires enough heat energy to break the hydrogen bonds.
c. Loss of heat when condensate forms from vapor leads to a lower temperature in the
condensate.
d. A calorie is the amount of heat needed to raise 1 gram of water 1 degree Celsius.
68.The amount of heat required to evaporate one gram of water at 50oC
is:
a. 540 calories
b. 590 calories
c. 568.5 calories
d. 100 calories
69.The heat capacity of water:
a. explains why it changes temperature very rapidly.
b. is about the same as land.
c. is 1 calorie/g/oC.
d. changes greatly with the addition of salt.
70.Which of the following statements does not correctly describe water properties?
a. Cohesion reflects the ability of hydrogen bonds to hold water molecules together.
b. Cohesion is visible in the water's surface tension.
c. Increasing the temperature of water increases the surface tension.
d. Viscosity increases with the addition of salt.
71.The density of pure water:
a . decreases with cooling.
b. reaches its maximum at about 4oC.
c. does not change with the addition of salt.
d. is greater than steel, which is why ships float.
72.Select the statement that does not correctly describe the effect of temperature on water density.
a. Warm water has lower density than cold water.
b. Water decreases its volume when it freezes.
c. Water molecules move apart slightly as temperatures cool below 4oC.
d. Water vapor is less dense than dry air alone.
73.The effect of salt on the density of water is not correctly described in which of the following
statements?
a. Density decreases as salt is added.
b. Some ocean water reaches its maximum density at the freezing point.
c. Adding salt lowers the freezing temperature.
d. As open ocean water cools towards the freezing point, it sinks continuously.
74.Which of these statements best describes the solubility of salts in water?
a. Ocean water is diluted (its salinity drops) as it evaporates and salt is carried away with the
water vapor.
b. Sodium chloride in solution remains as a molecule of NaCl.
c. NaCl dissolves into separate ions in water.
d. Salts on land result from the precipitation of water vapor evaporated from the ocean.
75.Ocean temperatures are accurately described by all but which of the following statements?
a. The surface of the ocean is heated by solar radiation.
b. Surface water transfers heat downward through convection as it warms.
c. Heat is transferred to the atmosphere through evaporation.
d. Only a small amount of heat is transferred to depths through conduction.
76.Visible light from the sun:
a. attenuates rapidly with depth.
b. loses the shorter wavelengths first.
c. is not part of the electromagnetic spectrum.
d. is equally transmitted across all wavelengths in water.
77.The bending of light passing from air to water is:
a. Defraction
b. Reflection
c. Deflection
d. Refraction
78.Sound waves:
a. travel faster in water than air.
b. travel faster in warm water.
c. that originate in the sofar channel remain in that layer.
d. are accurately described by A, B, and C.
79.Which of the following exploration methods does not utilize sound?
a. measurement of depths
b. measurement of changes in water temperature
c. location of objects in the water
d. changes in visibility through water
80.Sea ice:
a. does not include ice anchored to land.
b. forms only in the northern polar seas.
c. first forms as glacial ice.
. exists year round in the central Arctic Ocean.
d
81.Warm air moving over cooler water will form:
a. Advective fog.
b. Salty fog.
c. Radiative fog.
d. Sea smoke.
82.Which of the following statements regarding icebergs is not correct?
a. Icebergs pose hazards only to shipping in the northern oceans.
b. Icebergs begin as glacial ice.
c. Icebergs calve off from glaciers.
d. A large iceberg may drift in the ocean for several years.
83.At a depth of 30 meters:
a. blue objects will still appear blue.
b. red objects may appear black because of the absence of red light waves.
c. only light at the shorter end of the spectrum remains.
d. The statements in A, B, and C are each correct.
84.Which of the following is NOT true about phase changes of water?
a. More energy is required to melt ice than to freeze water.
b. The phase change between liquid water and water vapor involves the most heat being
absorbed or released.
c. More energy is required to evaporate water than to melt ice.
d. The melting point and freezing point of water is 0oC.
85.Which is not true about the relationships between salt and fresh water?
a. Higher salinity water has a greater density than lower salinity water.
b. The freezing point of water decreases as salinity increases.
c. The boiling point of water increases as salinity increases.
d. Salt water floats on fresh water.
86.The 105o angle between the hydrogen atoms in a watermolecule is important because:
a. it increases the strength of the covalent bonds between oxygen and hydrogen.
b. it makes the charge of the water molecule unbalanced or polar.
c. it makes it easier for the hydrogen and oxygen atoms to separate from the molecule.
d. it increases the conductivity of water.
87.Which of the following is NOT true about water?
a. It is the only substance to occur naturally as a solid, liquid, and gas on Earth.
b. It dissolves more substances than any other solvent.
c. It has the highest specific heat of all substances.
d. It is very compressible.
88.Which is not true about between sea ice versus icebergs?
a. Icebergs form when a piece of land ice breaks off and falls into the sea.
b. Sea ice forms from seawater.
c. In terms of sea level rise, melting sea ice and melting of icebergs are equally threatening.
d. Ice bergs form from fresh water.
89.Which of the following statements does not accurately describe depth measurements?
a. A measurement of depth is termed a sounding
b. Sea level is uniform across the oceans.
c. Modern depth recorders may use sound to take measurements.
d. Lasers can only be used to take soundings in clear, shallow water.
90.Which of the following is not a characteristic of active continental margins?
a. tectonically active
b. transition from continental to oceanic crust in the same lithospheric plate
c . associated with plate boundary
d. narrow shelf
91.Which statement does not accurately describe continental shelves?
a. Shelves are the edges of continents.
b. Shelves adjacent to steep land surfaces are typically very wide.
c. Geologically, shelves are part of the continents.
d. Natural dams may trap sediments between the offshore dam and the coast.
92.The gradual slope of the shelf floor steepens rapidly at the:
a. Continental rise.
b. Continental slope.
c. Shelf break.
d. Abyssal plain.
93.Turbidity currents:
a. may be associated with submarine canyons.
b. result from earthquakes or overloaded slopes.
c. may move at speeds of up to 90km per hour.
d. are described by all of the above.
94.Select the statement that does not correctly describe submarine canyons.
a. They are steep sided valleys with V-shaped profiles.
b. They are eroded back into the continental shelf.
c. They extend across the abyssal plains.
d. All of the above are correct.
95.Which of the following statements about the ocean basin floor is not correct?
a. Abyssal plains may be separated by high mid-ocean ridges.
b. The ocean basin floor includes the continental rise.
c. Abyssal hills are scattered over much of the sea floor.
d. Guyots are wave eroded former volcanic islands.
96.All of the following are examples of volcanic island arcs except the __________ Islands.
a. Japanese
b. Aleutian
c. Hawai’ian
d. Philippine
97.Moving from the shoreline to the deep ocean the correct order of features is:
a. continental rise, continental shelf, continental slope, shelf break.
b. continental shelf, shelf break, continental slope, continental rise.
c. continental shelf, continental rise, shelf break, continental slope.
d. shelf break, continental shelf, continental slope, continental rise.
EXTENDED RESPONSE ANSWER KEY:
. Sediments
1. F
2. H
3. A
4. J
5. I
6. G
7. K
8. E
9. B
10.D
II. Ocean Chemistry
1. nitrate and phosphate
2. organic matter and oxygen
3. carbon dioxide, water, nitrate, phosphate, and hydrogen ion
4. Photosynthesis exceeds respiration to about 100m.
5 . The carbon dioxide concentration should be lowest where photosynthesis is
actively occurring (i.e., above 100 meters) and should increase below that
depth, where it is released during respiration.
6. The CO curve will have the same shape as the phosphatecurve.
2
7 . Because any phosphate released into the water by respiration or delivered to
the seawater by river discharge is automatically taken up by nearby plants.
8 . It would show the same shape and depth relationships as the phosphate
curve.
III. Coastal Landforms
. Aeolian
A . Sea cliff
G
A. Foreshore H. Wrack line
B. Backshore – or - Shingle I. Cusp(s)
C. Runnel J. Swash zone
D. Berm K. Terrace
E. Scarp L. Sea stack
F. Strandplain M. Splash zone
.
3 “Chenier” is associated with what term
.
2 What is the origin of “wrack line”? in the list (above)? Strand plain
What is another term for a wrack line? From
the brown algae “wrack”. Wrack line is .
4 When sand is mechanically added to a
also called strand line. beach it is called “Beachnourishment.”
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