Micro101
MICROBIOLOGY AND
PARASITOLOGY
TRICIA L. GUNDRAN, MSE
CTE Faculty
UNIT V. EPIDEMIOLOGY AND PUBLIC
HEALTH
UNIT VI. Pathogenic Microorganisms and
Parasitic Helminths
UNIT VII. Microbial disease of the different
organ system
UNIT V. EPIDEMIOLOGY AND PUBLIC
HEALTH
Epidemiology is the science that focuses on the frequency,
distribution, and determinants of health-related states and events
in specific populations.
It aims to understand why certain diseases occur, how they spread,
and what can be done to control or prevent them.
CHAIN INFECTION
CHAINS OF INFECTION
MODE OF TRANSMISSION
Droplets Direct Contact
Indirect Contact Airborne
Waterborne Vector-borne
AFRICAN SWINE FEVER
BIRD FLU
PUBLIC HEALTH AGENCIES
BIOTERRORISM AND BIOLOGICAL WARFARE AGENTS
BIOLOGICAL AGENTS
Such as Anthrax, Botulinum toxin and plague can pose a difficult public
health challenge causing large numbers of deaths in a short amount of
time. Biological agents are capable of secondary transmission can lead
to epidemics. Biological weapons refer to unconventional weapons or
weapons of mass destruction which includes chemical, nuclear, and
radiological weapons.
BIOTERRORISM AND BIOLOGICAL WARFARE AGENTS
BIOTERRORISM AND BIOLOGICAL WARFARE AGENTS
BIOTERRORISM AND BIOLOGICAL WARFARE AGENTS
UNIT VI. PATHOGENIC MICROORGANISMS
AND PARASITIC HELMINTHS
MICROORGANISMS PATHOGENIC TO MAN
Vibrio cholerae
Ebola
Gram-negative, comma-shaped bacterium that
causes cholera, an acute diarrheal infection. It Causes acute, often deadly diseases by
primarily lives in brackish or saltwater.
including a hyperactive immune
Most people infected with Vibrio cholerae do not response
show symptoms but can still spread the bacteria
through their stool.
MICROORGANISMS PATHOGENIC TO MAN
Aspergillus fumigatus
A mold that can lead to aspergillosis, particularly in individuals with
weakened immune systems. This fungus produces airborne spores
that, when inhaled, can cause severe respiratory issues.
MICROORGANISMS PATHOGENIC TO MAN
S. epidermidis and S. hominis being
prevalent in the normal microbiota
S. aureus is also commonly found in
the nasal passages and on healthy
skin, but pathogenic strains are often
the cause of a broad range of
Staphylcoccus bacteria infections of the skin and other body
Responsible for skin infections
systems
Germ found on people’s skin
UNIT VII. MICROBIAL DISEASES OF THE
DIFFERENT ORGAN SYSTEM
SKIN AND EYES
IMPETIGO
Causes the formation of vesicles,
pustules, and possibly bullae, often
around the nose and mouth. Bullae are
large, fluid-filled blisters that measure at
least 5 mm in diameter.
Impetigo can be caused by S. aureus
alone, by Streptococcus pyogenes alone,
or by coinfection of S. aureus and S.
pyogenes.
IMPETIGO
CAUSES
HEAD LICE ECZEMA SCABIES
TREATMENT
Topical mupirocin (Bactroban® or Centany®) ointment.
Oral antibiotics such as cephalosporins, clindamycin
(Cleocin®) and sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim™).
OTITIS EXTERNA
P. aeruginosa is a gram-negative,
oxidative-positive, aerobic bacillus that is
commonly found in water and soil
P. aeruginosa is the cause of otitis
externa (swimmer’s ear)
An infection of the ear canal that causes
itching, redness, and discomfort, and can
progress to fever, pain, and swelling
CAUSES
a 2008 study at Manipal
University in India found
that frequent use of
earbuds did increase the
population of bacteria in
the ear – mostly various
strains of staphylococcus, a
common skin bacterium.
Source:
[Link]
human-body/headphones-ear-health
TREATMENT
Depending on your situation, your provider
might recommend these medications for otitis
externa:
Antibiotic ear drops to fight bacteria.
Antifungal ear drops to fight fungi.
Steroid ear drops to reduce inflammation.
You can also take over-the-counter (OTC) pain
relievers like acetaminophen (Tylenol®) or
ibuprofen (Advil®) to ease any discomfort.
BACTERIAL CONJUNCTIVITIS
Bacterial conjunctivitis is most commonly
caused by Haemophilus influenzae, but can
also be caused by other species such as
Moraxella catarrhalis, S. pneumoniae, and S.
aureus.
It is very contagious, being transmitted via
secretions from infected individuals, but it is
also self-limiting. Bacterial conjunctivitis
usually resolves in a few days, but topical
antibiotics are sometimes prescribed.
BACTERIAL CONJUNCTIVITIS (PINK EYE)
Bacterial conjunctivitis is most commonly
caused by Haemophilus influenzae, but can
also be caused by other species such as
Moraxella catarrhalis, S. pneumoniae, and S.
aureus.
It is very contagious, being transmitted via
secretions from infected individuals, but it is
also self-limiting. Bacterial conjunctivitis
usually resolves in a few days, but topical
antibiotics are sometimes prescribed.
BACTERIAL CONJUNCTIVITIS (PINK EYE)
Symptoms:
1. Redness in the white of your eye (sclera)
2. Eye discharge
3. Foreign object sensation
4. Dry eyes or water eyes (epiphora)
5. Itchy or irritated eyes
6. Burning eyes
7. Blurred vision
8. Light sensitivity
9. Swollen eyelids (blepharitis)
10. Eye pain
BACTERIAL CULPRITS
1. Staphylococcus
2. Streptococcus
3. Haemophilus influenzae (causing
meningitis in young children)
4. Sexually transmitted infection (STIs)
NONINFECTIOUS CAUSES
1. Allergens
2. Irritants (shampoos, cosmetics, contact lenses or contact
solution, dirt, smoke, etc.)
3. Eye injuries
4. Immune disorders and conjunctival tumors or cancers
TREATMENT
EYE DROPS
WARM OR COOL COMPRESSES
AVOID REINFECTION,
NERVOUS SYSTEM
MENINGOCOCCAL MENINGITIS
is caused by the Gram-negative
diplococcus Neisseria
meningitidis.
Patients suffer severe and
debilitating headache, as well
as fever, chills, and blue-black
skin spots.
TREATMENT
Treated with antibiotics
Oxygen therapy
Drugs to treat low blood pressure
PREVENTION
Vaccine
LEPROSY (HANSEN’S DISEASE)
is considered a disease of the
nervous system because the
bacilli destroy the peripheral
nerves in the skin.
is caused by an acid-fast bacillus
called Mycobacterium leprae.
SYMPTOMS
Skin patches (red or have a loss of
pigmentation)
Numbness or tingling in your hands,
feet, arms, and legs
Painless wounds or burns on the
hands and feet
Muscle weakness
TREATMENT
Common antibiotics used in the
treatment of Hansen's disease
include dapsone, rifampin and
clofazimine.
TETANUS
is caused by the soilborne, anaerobic, Gram-
positive rod Clostridium tetani.
Affects the muscles causing clenched jaws and
fists, paralysis of respiratory muscles,
disturbance of heart function, and death.
TETANUS
TETANUS
Can You Get Tetanus from a Rusty
Blade?
While a rusty blade can potentially introduce
Clostridium tetani spores into the body, the rust itself is
not the direct cause of tetanus.
NO TREATMENT
PREVENTION
BOTULISM
is caused by the anaerobic, Gram-positive,
spore-forming rod known as Clostridium
botulinum.
Causes: Exposure to bacterial spores and
ingestion of toxins
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
ENDOCARDITIS (endocardium is the innermost layer of the
heart that covers the heart valves)
An infection of the heart valves
Subacute form due to Streptococcus pyogenesis
is accompanied by fever, weakness, and heart
murmur.
Acute form is generally due to Staphylococcus
aureus
ENDOCARDITIS
CAUSES
Poor oral hygiene
Gum disease (Periodontitis)
Using a contaminated needle
CAUSES
BACTEREMIA
A medical condition where bacteria are present in the
bloodstream
SYMPTOMS:
Chills
Fast heart rate (tachycardia)
Low blood pressure (hypotension)
Abdominal pain
Nausea and vomiting
Diarrhea
Rapid breathing (hyperventilation)
BACTEREMIA
Different kinds of bacteria may cause it:
E. coli
Staphylococcus aureus
Streptococcal species
TREATMENT
Involves medication and if necessary, surgery
MYOCARDITIS
Inflammation of the heart muscle (myocardium)
MYOCARDITIS
Inflammation of the heart muscle called the
myocardium
Symptoms:
Chest pain
Shortness of breath
Rapid or irregular heartbeats
MYOCARDITIS
May cause by the following:
A Fungus Trypanosoma cruzi Toxoplasma
A Parasite A Parasite
MYOCARDITIS
May cause by the following:
A Fungus Trypanosoma cruzi Toxoplasma
A Parasite A Parasite
MYOCARDITIS
May cause by the following:
Illegal drugs
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
TUBERCULOSIS
Caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Contagious
Commonly affects your lungs and other areas
like your spine, brain, or kidneys
TUBERCULOSIS
TREATMENT
At least six to nine months
Specific medications your provider might prescribe include:
Isoniazid (Hyzyd®)
Rifampin (Rifadin®)
Ethambutol (Myambutol®)
Pyrazinamide (Zinamide®)
Rifapentine (Priftin®)
BACTERIAL PNEUMONIA
Infections of the lungs that lead to inflammation
and accumulation of fluids and white blood cells
in the alveoli.
Three bacterial species cause most clinical
cases: Streptococcus pneumoniae, H. influenzae,
and Mycoplasma pneumoniae.
BACTERIAL PNEUMONIA
BACTERIAL PNEUMONIA
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is
another opportunistic
pathogen that can cause
serious cases of bacterial
pneumonia in patients with
cystic fibrosis (CF) and
hospitalized patients assisted
with artificial ventilators.
DIPTHERIA
A serious bacterial
infection
Caused by
Corynebacterium
diptheriae
Affects the mucous
membranes of the nose
and throat
TREATMENT
Diptheria Antitoxin
Erythromycin Antibiotic
DIPTHERIA
Symptoms:
Sore throat (pharyngitis)
Difficulty swallowing
Fever
Cough
Wheezing
PNEUMOCOCCAL PNEUMONIA
CHICKENPOX (Varicella-zoster)
Produces a red rash that
blisters, then scabs over.
Contagious
CHICKENPOX (Varicella-zoster)
Stage 1: A red and bumpy rash. This can
last few a days
Stage 2: A fluid-filled blistered rash. The
blisters break open after one to two
days
Stage 3: When the blisters scab over.
This stage also lasts a few days
PERTUSSIS (Whooping Cough)
100-day cough
High-pitched whoop
Caused by Bordetella pertussis
Highly contagious upper respiratory infection
Cough may come and go
TREATMENT
Providers treat whooping cough with antibiotics like
azithromycin, clarithromycin or erythromycin.
To make it feel better,
• Take some honey
• Rest
• Keep up the fluids
• Use a cool-mist humidifier
• Eat small meals
• Avoid irritants
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
DENTAL CARIES OR CAVITIES
Caused by streptococcus
Occurs when bacteria in the mouth produce acids that
erode tooth enamel, leading to permanent damage
SHIGELLOSIS (BACILLARY DYSENTERY)
Caused by four species of the Gram‐negative rod Shigella:
S. dysenteriae, S. boydii, S. sonnei, and S. flexneri.
Causes lesions and inflammation of the intestinal lining
and stools streaked with blood and mucus.
Dehydration is a threat, and rehydration is necessary to
prevent death. Antimicrobial therapy is also available with
a number of antibiotics, including quinolones.
SALMONELLOSIS
Caused by four species of the Gram‐negative rods, S. enteritidis
and S. enterica
Chicken, egg, and poultry products are often involved because
Salmonella strains live in domestic fowl.
SALMONELLOSIS
SYMPTOMS
1. Diarrhea
2. Stomach (abdominal) cramps
3. Fever
4. Nausea
5. Vomiting
6. Chills
7. Headache
8. Blood in the stool
SALMONELLOSIS
To prevent:
Avoid high-risk foods such as raw or incompletely cooked
chicken, cracked or dirty eggs, unwashed fruits and vegetables,
and unpasteurized milk products.
TYPHOID FEVER
Caused by the Gram-negative, aerobic rod Salmonella typhi
The disease is transmitted by contaminated food and water and
begins with a high fever lasting several days or weeks.
Patients are tired, confused, and delirious, and the mortality
rate without antibiotic therapy is high.
CAMPYLOBACTERIOSIS
Caused by the Gram-negative rod Campyobacter jejuni
Patients experience bloody diarrhea, as well as abdominal pain
and fever.
Optimal host environment is the gastrointestinal tract of poultry
Erthyromycin hastens recovery.
URINARY AND REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS
URINARY TRACT INFECTION
[Link] as the most common cause
Affects the either the lower urinary tract (bladder infection) or
upper urinary tract infection (pyelonephritis)
GONORRHEA (clap)
Neisseria gonorrhoeae as the most common cause
The usual symptoms of gonorrhea in men are burning with
urination and penile discharge.
Women with gonorrhea, on the other hand, are asymptomatic
half the time or have vaginal discharge and pelvic pain.
GONORRHEA (clap)
SYPHILIS
Treponema pallidum as the most common cause
GENITAL HERPES
HSV or Herpes simplex virus as the most common cause
It is the spread from skin-to-skin contact with infected areas,
often during vaginal sex, oral, anal sex, and kissing.
GENITAL HERPES
GENITAL HERPES
