INVESTIGATION 6

Chemical Reactions

Experience 1 Modeling Chemical

Reactions
Experience 2 Predicting Outcomes
of Chemical Reactions
Experience 3 Reactions in Aqueous
Solution
Word Equations
To represent a chemical reaction, you need to show:
Reactants
The substances present before the reaction on the left side of
the reaction arrow. (present at the start of a reaction)

Products
The substances present after the reaction on the right side of
the reaction arrow. (produced in a chemical reaction).

Reactants → products
• An arrow separates them.
• You read the arrow as yields, gives, or reacts to produce.
Decomposition Reaction

Hydrogen peroxide breaks down into water and oxygen

molecules through what is called a decomposition reaction.
The reaction typically happens slowly. Potassium iodide is
used to speed up the reaction.

What is the reactant in this decomposition reaction?

What are the products formed?
The reactant

The products

Which substance is used as a catalyst to speed up

this reaction?
Decomposition Reaction

Hydrogen peroxide breaks down into water and oxygen

molecules through what is called a decomposition reaction.
The reaction typically happens slowly. Potassium iodide is
used to speed up the reaction.

What is the reactant in this decomposition reaction?

What are the products formed?
The reactant: hydrogen peroxide

The products: water + oxygen

Which substance is used as a catalyst to speed up

this reaction?
Potassium iodide is used as a catalyst to speed up
the reaction.
Word Equations
Representing Reactions Using Word Equations
You can model what happens in a chemical reaction using
word equations.

Word Equations
• A representation of a chemical reaction, where we use
words to name the reactants and products.
• In a word equation, write the names of the reactants to the
left of the arrow, separated by plus signs.
• Write the names of the products to the right of the arrow,
also separated by plus signs.
Word Equations
Write the word equations for these reactions:
1. Iron and oxygen react to produce iron(III) oxide (rust).

2. “hydrogen peroxide decomposes to form water and

oxygen gas.”

3. aluminum burning in oxygen to form aluminum oxide.

Word Equations
Write the word equations for these reactions:

1. Iron and oxygen react to produce iron(III) oxide (rust).

Iron + Oxygen ⟶ Iron(III) oxide

2. “hydrogen peroxide decomposes to form water and

oxygen gas.”

Hydrogen peroxide → water + oxygen

3. aluminum burning in oxygen to form aluminum oxide.

Aluminum + Oxygen ⟶ Aluminum oxide
Word Equations
Write a word equation that describes the following
reactions

a. “zinc oxide is produced by combining zinc with oxygen.

b. When heated, mercury(II) oxide chemically changes to

form mercury and oxygen.
 Word Equations
Write a word equation that describes the following
reactions

a. “zinc oxide is produced by combining zinc with oxygen.

zinc + oxygen zinc oxide

b. When heated, mercury(II) oxide chemically changes to

form mercury and oxygen.
mercury(II) oxide mercury + oxygen
 Naming and Writing Formulas for Ionic Compounds

Name Chemical Formula

Iron(III) oxide

zinc oxide

Barium chloride

Barium sulfate

Zinc sulfide

Lead(II) nitrate
 Naming and Writing Formulas for Ionic Compounds

Name Chemical Formula

Iron(III) oxide Fe2O3

zinc oxide ZnO

Barium chloride BaCl2

Barium sulfate BaSO4

Zinc sulfide ZnS

Lead(II) nitrate Pb(NO3)2

Naming and Writing Formulas for Ionic Compounds

Name Chemical Formula

Sodium chloride

Sodium nitrate

Silver nitrate

Aluminum oxide

Calcium hydroxide

Calcium sulfate

calcium carbonate
Naming and Writing Formulas for Ionic Compounds

Name Chemical Formula

Sodium chloride NaCl

Sodium nitrate NaNO3

Silver nitrate AgNO3

Aluminum oxide Al2O3

Calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2

Calcium sulfate CaSO4

calcium carbonate CaCO3

Naming and Writing Formulas for molecular compounds
Compound Formula
Water
Carbon dioxide
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Methane
Ammonia
Glucose
Hydrogen peroxide
Sulfuric acid
Hydrochloric acid
Naming and Writing Formulas for molecular compounds

Compound Formula
Water H₂O
Carbon dioxide CO₂
Oxygen O₂
Nitrogen N₂
Methane CH₄
Ammonia NH₃
Glucose C₆H₁₂O₆
Hydrogen peroxide H₂O₂
Sulfuric acid H2SO4
Hydrochloric acid HCl
Skeleton Equations
Skeleton Equations (unbalanced equation)
• A Skeleton Equations is a representation of a
chemical reaction where we use the chemical symbols
or formulas instead of words to show the reactants and
products, such as Fe instead of iron.
• Not balanced

How do you write a skeleton equation?

To write a skeleton equation, write the chemical formulas
for the reactants to the left of the yields sign (arrow) and
the formulas for the products to the right.
Skeleton Equations
Write skeleton equations for these reactions
a. Iron + Oxygen ⟶ Iron(III) oxide

b. Hydrogen + Oxygen ⟶ water

c. Zinc + Oxygen ⟶ zinc oxide

Skeleton Equations
Write skeleton equations for these reactions
a. Iron + Oxygen ⟶ Iron(III) oxide
Fe + O2 ⟶ Fe2O3

b. Hydrogen + Oxygen ⟶ water

H2 + O2 ⟶ H2O

c. Zinc + Oxygen ⟶ zinc oxide

Zn+ O2 ⟶ ZnO
Lesson Check
1. Identify the reactants and products for each reaction you gave,
then give the word, and skeleton equations for each.
Hydrogen gas and sodium hydroxide are formed when sodium is
dropped into water.

2. Write sentences that completely describe each of the

chemical reactions shown in these skeleton equations.
NH3(g) + O2(g) NO(g) + H2O(g)
Lesson Check
1. Identify the reactants and products in each chemical reaction.
a.Hydrogen gas and sodium hydroxide are formed when sodium is
dropped into water.

Reactants: Sodium (Na), Water (H₂O)

Products: Hydrogen gas (H₂), Sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
Word equation:
Sodium + Water → Sodium hydroxide + Hydrogen gas
Skeleton equation (unbalanced):
Na(s) + H2O(l) → NaOH(aq) + H2(g)

2. Write sentences that completely describe each of the chemical

reactions shown in these skeleton equations.
NH3(g) + O2(g) → NO(g) + H2O(g)

Ammonia gas reacts with oxygen gas to produce nitrogen

monoxide gas and water vapor.
Lesson Check
Write word equations for the following reactions. Include reactants
and products in correct word equation format. Then convert each to
skeleton equations.
1. When zinc metal and sulfur powder are heated, they form solid
zinc sulfide.

Word:
Skeleton:

2. Aluminum metal plus hydrogen chloride gas yields aluminum

chloride plus hydrogen gas.

Word:
Skeleton:
Lesson Check
Write word equations for the following reactions. Include reactants
and products in correct word equation format. Then convert each to
skeleton equations.
1. When zinc metal and sulfur powder are heated, they form solid
zinc sulfide.
Word: zinc + sulfur → zinc sulfide
Skeleton: Zn + S → ZnS

2. Aluminum metal plus hydrogen chloride gas yields aluminum

chloride plus hydrogen gas.
Word: aluminum + hydrogen chloride → aluminum chloride + hydrogen
Skeleton: Al + HCl → AlCl₃ + H2
Lesson Check
1. Identify the reactants and products for each reaction you gave,
then give the word, and skeleton equations for each.
In photosynthesize, carbon dioxide and water react to form oxygen
gas and glucose.

2. Write sentences that completely describe each of the

chemical reactions shown in these skeleton equations.
H2SO4(aq) + BaCl2(aq) BaSO4(S) + HCl(aq)
Lesson Check
1. Identify the reactants and products in each chemical reaction.
b. In photosynthesize, carbon dioxide and water react to form
oxygen gas and glucose.

Reactants: Carbon dioxide (CO₂), Water (H₂O)

Products: Oxygen gas (O₂), Glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆)
Word equation: Carbon dioxide + Water → Glucose + Oxygen gas
Skeleton equation (unbalanced):CO2(g) + H2O(l) → C6H12O6(s) + O2(g))

2. Write sentences that completely describe each of the chemical

reactions shown in these skeleton equations.
H2SO4(aq) + BaCl2(aq) → BaSO4(S) + HCl(aq)
Aqueous sulfuric acid reacts with aqueous barium chloride to form solid
barium sulfate and aqueous hydrochloric acid.
Lesson Check
Write word equations for the following reactions. Include reactants
and products in correct word equation format. Then convert each to
skeleton equations.
1. Magnesium metal plus gaseous carbon dioxide yields solid
magnesium oxide plus solid carbon.

Word:
Skeleton:

2. Sodium metal plus gas chlorine combine to form solid sodium

chloride. Then you can eat it in your fries.

Word:
Skeleton:
Lesson Check
Write word equations for the following reactions. Include reactants
and products in correct word equation format. Then convert each to
skeleton equations.
1. Magnesium metal plus gaseous carbon dioxide yields solid
magnesium oxide plus solid carbon.

Word: magnesium + carbon dioxide → magnesium oxide + carbon

Skeleton: Mg + CO₂ → MgO + C

2. Sodium metal plus gas chlorine combine to form solid sodium

chloride. Then you can eat it in your fries.

Word: sodium + chlorine → sodium chloride

Skeleton: Na + Cl₂ → NaCl
 11.1 Chemical Reactions > Balancing Chemical Equations

A balanced equation.
A chemical reaction is also described by a balanced equation.

Balanced Chemical Equations

It obeys the law of conservation of mass (the mass of the products is
always equal to the mass of the reactants).
• Each side has the same number of atoms of each element.
• Atoms are never destroyed.

What are the steps for writing and balancing a chemical equation?

1. Write the skeleton equation.

2. Then use coefficients to balance the equation.

Coefficient: a small whole number that appears before a formula in an

equation in order to balance it.

28 Copyright © by Savvas Learning Company LLC. All Rights Reserved.

 11.1 Chemical Reactions > Interpret Data
Rules for Writing and Balancing Equations
- When no coefficient is written, it is assumed to be 1.
- Never change subscripts when balancing chemical equations. Only
adjust coefficients, because subscripts are part of the chemical identity of
a substance; they tell us exactly how many atoms of each element are
bonded together in one molecule.
- Instead, we balance equations by adjusting the coefficients, which
indicate the number of molecules or moles of a substance involved in the
reaction.
- The coefficient placed in front of a molecule applies to all elements that
make up that molecule.
- The number of atoms can be found by multiplying the coefficient by the
subscript of the element. If no subscript appears, a subscript of 1 should
be assumed.
- If a molecule is placed in a parentheses with a subscript outside the
parentheses, the subscript applies to all elements within the
29
parentheses. Copyright © by Savvas Learning Company LLC. All Rights Reserved.
 11.1 Chemical Reactions > Balancing Chemical Equations

A balanced equation.

30 Copyright © by Savvas Learning Company LLC. All Rights Reserved.

 11.1 Chemical Reactions > Sample Problem 11.3

Write and balance these equations

1. Aluminum + oxygen aluminum oxide

4Al(s) + 3O2(g) → 2Al2O3(s)

2. Hydrogen + oxygen water

2H2(g) + O2(g) → 2H2O (l)

31 Copyright © by Savvas Learning Company LLC. All Rights Reserved.

 11.1 Chemical Reactions > Sample Problem 11.3

Write and balance these equations

1. Pb(NO3)2 + NaCl NaNO3 + PbCl2

Pb(NO3)2 + 2 NaCl 2 NaNO3 + PbCl2

2. ZnS + O2 ZnO + SO2

2 ZnS + 3 O2 2 ZnO + 2 SO2

32 Copyright © by Savvas Learning Company LLC. All Rights Reserved.

 11.1 Chemical Reactions >
Balance these equations

a. C + O2 CO2
It is already balanced

b. Ca(OH)2 + H2SO4 CaSO4 + H2O

Ca(OH)2 + H2SO4 CaSO4 + 2H2O

c. Na + H2O NaOH + H2

2Na + 2H2O 2NaOH + H2

33 Copyright © by Savvas Learning Company LLC. All Rights Reserved.

 11.1 Chemical Reactions > Sample Problem 11.2

Balancing a Chemical Equation

Balance this equation:
AgNO3(aq) + Cu(s) → Cu(NO3)2(aq) + Ag(s)

2AgNO3(aq) + Cu(s) → Cu(NO3)2(aq) + 2Ag(s)

balanced

34 Copyright © by Savvas Learning Company LLC. All Rights Reserved.

 11.1 Chemical Reactions >

Balance the following chemical equations.

a. 2 Na(s) + 2 H2O(l) → 2 NaOH(aq) + H2(g)

balanced

b. 2 AgNO3(aq) + Zn(s) → Zn(NO3)2(aq) + 2 Ag(s)

balanced

35 Copyright © by Savvas Learning Company LLC. All Rights Reserved.

 11.1 Chemical Reactions >

Balance the following equation.

N2 + H2 → NH3

N2 + 3H2 → 2NH3
balanced

36 Copyright © by Savvas Learning Company LLC. All Rights Reserved.

 11.1 Chemical Reactions >

END OF 11.1

37 Copyright © by Savvas Learning Company LLC. All Rights Reserved.